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What is the project?

Biodiversity Implications of Forest Disturbance and Related Landscape Dynamics in the Brazilian Amazon (Year 2). Mark A. Cochrane 1,2 , David P. Roy 1 , Carlos Souza Jr. 2 , Jos Barlow 3 , Eugenio Arima 4 , Izaya Numata 1 , Christopher P. Barber 1,2 ,

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What is the project?

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  1. Biodiversity Implications of Forest Disturbance and Related Landscape Dynamics in the Brazilian Amazon (Year 2) Mark A. Cochrane1,2, David P. Roy1, Carlos Souza Jr.2, Jos Barlow3, Eugenio Arima4, Izaya Numata1, Christopher P. Barber1,2, Juliana Silveira, Luiz Mestre1, Rafael Andrade1, and Sanath Kumar Sathyachandran1 1 Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA 2 IMAZON, Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia, Belém, PA Brazil 3 Lancaster University, Lancaster United Kingdom 4 Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva NY USA

  2. What is the project? The fundamental hypothesis underlying this project is that the biodiversity levels of Amazonian forests are strongly related to two competing factors: forest disturbance and time since last disturbance

  3. The Brazilian Amazon Amazon humid tropical forest biomes: ~ 6.4 km2 Portion in Brazil: ~ 4 km2 Source: WWF

  4. Human Access to Forest 85% of deforestation within 50 km of main roads 73,000 km of official roads in region 240,000 km of unofficial roads Expansion rates > 40 km / 10,000 km2 / year Source: IBGE, IMAZON

  5. Forest wildfires: Interact with ongoing threats to the Amazon

  6. Schematic relationships between climate, land use and fire (Cochrane and Barber 2009)

  7. How are we attempting to test this? Our approach is straightforward… • 1) Determine recent forest disturbance history across the Brazilian Amazon (2000-2009); • 2) Conduct extensive field studies of indicator taxa, stratified by disturbance history, to determine biodiversity responses; • 3) Model the determinants of fire ignition and fire spread; • 4) Predict the current and future levels of biodiversity similarity in disturbed forests spatially across the Brazilian Amazon.

  8. a) Paragominas,Pará State - 223/62 Phase 1. Imagery Acquisition and Processing Soil NPV GV NDFI

  9. Landsat Landsat GV NPV Soil Shade Image Processing Steps (2) Build Spectral Library (1) PRE-PROCESSING Image Registration Radiance Conversion Estimate Visibility and water vapor Correct Haze? Reflectance Space Atmospheric Correction (ACORN) No Apply Carlotto’s Technique Yes Pixel Purity Index - (PPI) (4) Enhance and Detect Canopy Damage (3) SMA 40 million pixels NDFI CCA Visualization SVDC NDFI ≤ 0.75 Scatter matrix Spectral curves Extract Patios Canopy Damage Generic Image Endmembers Soil ≥ 10% 1 pixel ≤ Area ≤ 4 pixels GV + NPV + Soil + Shade = 1 Souza Jr. et al. (2005), RSE

  10. -1 ≤ NDFI ≤1 NDFI low to moderate Low to moderate GV Moderate to high NPV and Soil NDFI near 1 High GV Low NPV and Soil Normalized Difference Fraction Index Souza Jr. et al. (2005), RSE

  11. NDFI Roads Logged Forest 226/68 - 2001 (Sinop - MT)

  12. NDFI 226/68 - 2000 (Sinop - MT)

  13. NDFI 226/68 - 2001 (Sinop - MT)

  14. NDFI 226/68 - 2003 (Sinop - MT)

  15. Characterizing Forest Fragmentation

  16. Age map Time series Land cover map Age map 1 y 12 ys Forest 2 ys 13 ys 3 ys 14 ys Pasture 4 ys 15 ys 5 ys 16 ys S.G.Forest 6 ys 17 ys 7 ys 18 ys 1975 8 ys 19 ys 9 ys 20 ys >22 ys 10 ys 21 ys 2005 11 ys Derived from Landsat time series Used for calculation of fragmentation features

  17. Edge length classification using ISO data Class 1 Class 4 Class 2 2005 1994 1998 1975 1990 1988 1975 1986 1984 2004 1984 2002 1994 1993 1991 1975 1984 1992 1986 1988 1989 1990 1985 1987 2000 2002 1988 2000 1990 1992 1992 1994 1986 1996 2005 1996 2004 1998 2000 1997 1999 1995 1996 1998 2002 2003 2001 2005 2004

  18. Persistence of Forest Edge (Campo Novo de Rondonia) Remaining edge % (Numata et al. in review)

  19. Phase 2. Biodiversity Field Studies • The spatial database of forest disturbance is used to stratify and interpret our field studies investigating the response of 4 major indicator taxa (birds, dung beetles, trees and ants) as a function of disturbance history and time since last disturbance.

  20. Both birds and dung beetles are good indicators of community change in most other faunal groups Barlow et al. 2007 PNAS

  21. Both birds and dung beetles hold large numbers of species that are restricted to primary forest Many wide ranging species Mostly territorial or habitat specialists Barlow et al. 2007 PNAS

  22. Both birds and dung beetles are highly cost effective to sample – you get good information on habitat integrity for a low cost Birds Dung beetles Moths Small mammals Gardner, Barlow et al. 2008 Ecology Letters

  23. Selecting effective biodiversity indicators • Necessary attributes of sampled taxa: • Sensitive indicators of changes in forest integrity • Can be surveyed cost effectively • Ants share similar ecological attributes as birds and dung-beetles • They are cheap to sample • Species rich, with many different functional groups • Most do not move large distances from their colonies (if you find them in a habitat, they come from that habitat).

  24. Methods – Dung Beetles • Baited pitfall traps (human faeces) • 5 traps per transect, run for 4 days. • Follows methods discussed at global Scarabnet meetings, and used effectively in many Amazonian studies • Complemented by un-baited flight intercept traps • To date, >5,200 beetles collected, species identification ongoing…

  25. Sampling Ants Similar to the dung beetles with pitfall traps supplemented with Winkler traps that are used to sample 50 x 50 cm collections of litter 4,800+ specimens collected, identification ongoing

  26. Fire-mediated dieback and compositional cascade 21,400 trees (final identification is ongoing) Barlow and Peres 2008

  27. Sampling Birds - POINT COUNTS Observation and recording 10 point counts per day per site 06:30 h - 09:00 h 10 min. bird observation and recording, spaced at least 150m each other to avoid double bird-counting (Parker, 1991). Along each mist-net transects and other trails.

  28. MIST NETS Less individuals sampled compared to point counts BUT It is independent of observer accuracy Capture mainly understory birds Samples species that are not singing Possibility to mark (banding) and measure

  29. MEASURING We measure: Wings Tarsus Bill Weight Parasites

  30. Expected Results A large-scale comparison of effects of fire on Amazonian bird communities. A long-term comparison of effects of fire on Amazonian bird communities. One of the best overviews of Amazonian bird communities in different Amazonian States. To date - a total of 2,400 birds (354 species) have been captured, identified, banded and sampled for parasites

  31. Phase 3: Characterizing Fires • Integration of Landsat based analyses of forest disturbance with MODIS-derived fire products to accurately separate fires into their three main types; • (1) deforestation fires, where slash is burned, creating relatively hot fires that burn for several hours; • 2) maintenance fires, which rapidly burn as narrow fire lines through grass and early second growth; • 3) forest fires, escaped fires in standing forests which vary from extremely low intensity in previously undisturbed forests to high intensity in previously burned or logged forests

  32. Phase 4: Spatio-socioeconomic modeling • We will use spatial regressions of economic (farmgate prices for soybean and beef), physical-geographic (precipitation, soil types, vegetation types, distance to previous deforestation, and land protection status (e.g. indigenous lands, conservation units)) and land cover (disturbance history) factors to model probability surfaces of fire ignition and fire spread. • MODIS fire detections will be used to validate the ignition event model for 2000-2009 and the composite burned area product (Phase 3) will be used to validate the fire spread model over the same time period. • Once validated, the models will be run using likely economic and rainfall scenarios to create spatio-temporal predictions of disturbance frequency and expected biodiversity impacts for the 2010-2019 time period.

  33. Appended Phase! • Integration of disturbance factors to evaluate the performance all of the protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon. See Christopher P. Barber’s talk and poster tomorrow for further details!

  34. Reprise of Project Objectives • Develop a basin-wide spatial database of all forest disturbance (selective logging, fragmentation, fire, deforestation) from 2000-2009, based on NDFI analyses of annual Landsat imagery. • Derive regional estimation functions of expected biodiversity similarity based on disturbance history (disturbance metric) and time-since-last-disturbance (resilience metric) derived from stratified field data collected for four separate taxa (woody plants, birds, dung beetles and ants). • Develop a basin-wide spatial and temporal datasets of all fires by type (1) deforestation fires; 2) maintenance fires; 3) forest fires, using MODIS and Landsat data. • Model economic, physical-geographic and land cover factors affecting fire ignition and spread from 2000-2009 to create probability surfaces of fire ignition and fire spread. • Create a basin-wide map of probable biodiversity alterations in current standing forests across the Brazilian Amazon and predictions of future changes in these conditions over the next 10 years (2010-2019) based on likely economic and climate scenarios. (Starting late 2009)

  35. Project Publications Bowman, D.M.J.S., J.K. Balch, P. Artaxo, W.J. Bond, J.M. Carlson, M.A. Cochrane, C.M. D’Antonio, R.S. DeFries, J.C. Doyle, S.P. Harrison, F.H. Johnston, J.E. Keeley, M.A. Krawchuck, C.A. Kull, J.B. Marston, M.A. Moritz, I.C. Prentice, C.I. Roos, A.C. Scott, T.W. Swetnam, G.R. van der Werf and S.J. Pyne. 2009. Fire in the Earth System. Science 324: 481-484. Cochrane, M.A. and C.P. Barber. 2009. Future Fire Regimes of the Amazon: Climate Change and Human Land Use. Global Change Biology 15: 601-612. Barlow, J. and J.M.Silveira. 2009. The Consequences of Fire for the Fauna of Humid Tropical Forests. Pp. 543-546 in M.A. Cochrane, ed. Tropical Fire Ecology: Climate Change, Land Use and Ecosystem Dynamics. Springer-Praxis, Heidelberg, Germany. Cochrane, M.A. 2009b. Fire in the tropics.Pp. 1-23 in M.A. Cochrane, ed. Tropical Fire Ecology: Climate Change, Land Use and Ecosystem Dynamics. Springer-Praxis, Heidelberg, Germany. Cochrane, M.A. 2009c. Fire, Landuse, Landcover Dynamics and Climate Change in the Brazilian Amazon.Pp. 389-426 in M.A. Cochrane, ed. Tropical Fire Ecology: Climate Change, Land Use and Ecosystem Dynamics. Springer-Praxis, Heidelberg, Germany. Gardner, T.A., J. Barlow, R. Chazdon, R. Ewers, C.A. Harvey, C.A. Peres and N.S. Sodhi. 2009. Prospects for Tropical Forest Biodiversity in a Human-modified World. Ecology Letters 12 doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01294.x Barlow, J. and Peres, C.A. 2008. Fire-mediated dieback and compositional cascade in an Amazonian forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 363: 1787-1794. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.0013 Cochrane, M.A. and W.F. Laurance. 2008. Synergisms Among Fire, Land Use, and Climate Change in the Amazon. AMBIO 37: 522-527. Roy, D.P., Boschetti, L., Justice C.O., Ju, J., 2008, The Collection 5 MODIS Burned Area Product - Global Evaluation by Comparison with the MODIS Active Fire Product, Remote Sensing of Environment, 112: 3690-3707. Boschetti, L. and Roy, D.P., 2008, Defining a fire year for reporting and analysis of global inter-annual fire variability, Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, 113, G03020, doi:10.1029/2008JG000686. Loveland, T.R., M.A. Cochrane and G.M. Henebry. 2008. Landsat Still Contributing to Environmental Research. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23: 182-183.

  36. Project Fire X Amazon Biodiversity

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