The Cold War

1. The Cold War 1945 - 1990

2. Who? • The United States and the Soviet Union

3. What? • Tension and fears between the “free” and “communist” nations of the world

4. Why? • The former Allies during WWII had different views concerning the post-war world • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples • Communist govt. & command economy vs. • Democratic govt. & capitalist economy

5. Where? • Global – in Europe, in Asia, and in Latin America

6. How? - “Weapons” Used • Propaganda • Diplomatic moves • NATO vs. Warsaw Pact • Scientific competition • Arms Race - nuclear escalation • Space Race – Sputnik launches race to the moon! • Economic competition • Communist govt. & command economy vs. Democratic govt. & capitalist economy • Espionage • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Subversion • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples

7. US Goal • Containment of Communism 1947 Foreign Affairs article by State Dept. official George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENT

8. George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENTGoals Means Actual Application Encouragement of self-confidence in nations threatened by Soviet expansion. Long-term program of U.S. economic assistance [Marshall Plan $] • Restorationof the balance of power • Reduction of Soviet ability to project outside power. Exploitation of tensions in international communism. Cooperation with other communist regimes; [Supporting General Tito in Yugoslavia] Using “carrots & sticks’; containing Germany with an embrace and Russia at arms length. • Modification of the Soviet concept of international relations. Negotiating settlement of outstanding differences.

9. Government Reorganization to help fight the Cold War • Department of Defense • To replace the War Department • National Security Council • To coordinate making of foreign policy • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) • To gather intelligence information

10. Recommendations • Increase spending on defense (4X what it had been) • Create alliances with Non-Communist countries (NATO) (SEATO) • Convince the American public of the necessity of increased defense programs

11. The Cold War in Europe An “Iron Curtain” had descended across Europe

13. The Truman Doctrine • U.S. military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent the spread of Communism • 1st successful attempt at containment

14. The Marshall Plan • U.S. economic aid to help European countries rebuild after WWII • Strengthened democracies and their economies • Won support for the U.S. • Money was spent in U.S. to help the American economy

15. The Bipolarization of Europe

16. NATO • Defensive alliance of democratic nations against possible communist attack • Collective security – “Attack against one is an attack against all” • USSR responds with creation of Warsaw Pact (1955) – Eastern European Soviet bloc nations (satellite nations) become “buffer zone” for USSR

17. The Division of Berlin

18. Crisis in Berlin • June 1948, Soviet Union blockaded all surface routes into West Berlin. Attempt to cut off the divided city from western Europe and force it to surrender to communism • Allies organized a massive airlift of supplies into the “island of democracy” • Stalin was unwilling to directly confront the Allies and wouldn’t shoot at the planes • May 1949, Soviets lifted blockade – Berlin remained a divided city surrounded by Communist territory

19. The Cold War in Asia Old imperialist system had collapsed; New nations were less responsive to US influence

21. Occupation of Japan • 1945 – 1951 • Led by General Douglas MacArthur • New democratic constitution (MacArthur Constitution) • Japanese economy rebuilt • Military protection provided by U.S. • Japan became strong U.S. ally

22. In the Philippines • Independence granted on July 4, 1946 • US maintained naval and air bases for most of the remainder of the 20th century • Ferdinand Marcos (non-communist) dictator (1965-1986)

23. In China • Communist Revolution in 1949 resulted in “2 Chinas” - The People’s Republic of China (Communist) and Nationalist China on Taiwan (Democratic); both claimed there could be only one official government of China • U.S. government was unable to reach a compromise settlement • USSR and People’s Republic of China signed Sino-Soviet pact (1945) → USA fears worldwide conspiracy of Communist expansion

24. Korean War[1950-1953]

25. Korean War[1950-1953] Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory”

26. The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]

27. In Korea After WWII, Korean peninsula was divided at 38th parallel • North Korea – occupied by USSR (Communist) • South Korea – occupied by Allies (Democratic) • 1950 – North Korean forces invaded the South • US sent troops as part of United Nations forces to defend South Korea from Communist forces

28. Korean “Conflict” was a different kind of war • Never declared a war by US Congress • US was part of United Nations forces • We didn’t win – truce was signed • Truman (Commander in Chief) fired the very popular General Douglas MacArthur for insubordination when MacArthur publicly questioned Truman and suggested that the US should widen the war and use atomic weapons on China

29. Truman’s Domestic Policy Demobilization after World War II

30. To convert the wartime economy to a peacetime economy • GI Bill of Rights • $ for education, business ventures, housing to help returning GI’s • Employment Act of 1946 • Commit government to full employment • Get Tough policy on strikes that threatened national safety – threatened to use troops against RR workers, miners and steelworkers • Taft-Hartley Act

31. Taft-Hartley Act • Outlawed “closed shop” that required worker to join union before being hired • States could pass “right to work” laws – worker had the right to work without being forced to join union • Outlawed secondary boycotts • President had power to invoke 80 day cooling off period in strikes that threatened national safety

32. Election of 1948 Harry Truman Democratic Party Under dog “Give ‘em hell Harry” Thomas Dewey Republican Party Conservative Strom Thurmond States’ Rights Party “Dixiecrats” Anti-civil rights Henry Wallace Progressive Party Feared too aggressive foreign policy

33. Truman defeated Dewey • In spite of what the headline read • Truman attempted a “Fair Deal” – Nat’l health insurance, aid to education, Civil Rights legislation, funds for public housing,  minimum wage • Most was defeated because of political conflicts and increased importance of foreign policy In spite of what headline read, Truman defeated Dewey

34. The Cold War at Home

35. A New Red Scare • To protect the country from Communist infiltration • 1947 – Loyalty Review Board • 3 million+ employees of the Federal Government, investigated to weed out those suspected of being communists or communist sympathizers. • Over 200 were fired and thousands of others resigned, many in protest over the investigation and the secrecy surrounding the evidence being collected about them. • 1951 – Dennis et al v. United States • upheld constitutionality of Smith Act, that made it illegal to advocate overthrow of US Gov’t by force • 1951 - McCarran Internal Security Act • illegal to advocate establishment of totalitarian gov’t • House Un-American Activities Committee • investigated gov’t officials, looked for Communists in Boy Scouts & Hollywood – “Hollywood Ten” • testify or else be held for contempt of Congress • Edward R. Murrow vs. McCarthy – YouTube Clip…..

36. Spy Cases • Alger Hiss – State Department • Denied charges he was a Communist and had given secret documents to a confessed Communist Whittaker Chambers • Was convicted of perjury • Julius & Ethel Rosenberg • US atomic scientists who were executed for giving Soviet scientists information that led to development of Soviet atomic weapons

37. McCarthyism • Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed Communists were working in the State Department • Tactics included • Unsupported accusations • Reckless cruelty → “witch hunt” • Bullying, black listing • Cast suspicion on innocent people – destroyed reputations and careers (McCarthy was later censured by the Senate)

38. Senator Margaret Chase Smith - spoke out against McCarthy - • “Declaration ofConscience” • “The right to criticize: the right to hold unpopular beliefs; the right to protest; the right of independent thought. The exercise of these rights should not cost one single American citizen his reputation or his right to a livelihood…Otherwise none of us could call our souls our own.”

39. Cold War in our Culture