Reform and Culture

1. Reform and Culture UNIT 10

2. The American Nation Reform and a New American Culture, 1820–1860 VOCABULARY WORDS -Social Reform -predestination -Second Great Awakening -revival -debtor -Temperance Movement

3. What is reform and how is it protected by the Constitution? - All citizens have rights - All citizens have responsibilities

4. Rights -trial by jury -to choose leaders -to be elected to public office • Responsibilities - serve on jury - vote in elections `- obey laws

5. What is the importance of accepting personal responsibilities • Educating your children • Understanding the Constitutional guarantees • Admitting when your wrong • Accepting consequences

6. It is necessary for a Democratic Society to have freedom of speech and press in order to protect individual rights

7. Religious Ideals In colonial times, American Protestants believed inpredestination,the idea that God decided in advance which people would attain salvationafter death.

8. Religious Ideals • A religious movement of the early 1800s—the Second Great Awakening—stressedfree will instead. Preachers said that individuals could save their souls by their own actions. • In revivals,or huge outdoor meetings,people heard that individual salvation was the first step toward reforming the world. This message inspired people to improve society.

9. Roots of Reform Political Origins • The ideals of liberty and equality in the Declaration of Independence inspire people to try to improve society • During Jackson era, more people can vote than ever before • Critics say slavery and other injustices violate democratic ideals

10. The Constitution provides citizens with right to freedom of speech such as that used by political activists during the 19th century • This reflects the importance American society places on equality

11. Roots of Reform Religious Influences • Second Great Awakening stresses free will rather than predestination and had major effects on: - Temperance movement - Prison reform - Women’s suffrage • Revivals encourage people to reform their lives • Finney teaches that individual salvation is the first step to the reform of a society

12. Dorothea Dix

13. Dorothea Dix Seeks to Reform the Treatment of Prisoners and the Mentally Ill Reasons Dix called for prison reform: • Men, women, and children were often crammed together in cold, damp rooms. • Sometimes prisoners went hungry unless they could buy their own food. • Most prisoners were debtors, people who could not pay the money they owed.

14. Dorothea Dix Seeks to Reform the Treatment of Prisoners and the Mentally Ill Reasons Dix called for reform in treatment of the mentally ill: • The mentally ill were put in jails rather than hospitals. • The mentally ill were often put in “cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods.”, Dix reported.

15. The Temperance Movement Temperance Movement • In the late 1820s, a campaign against alcohol abuse • Some groups urged people to drink less. • Others sought to end drinking altogether.

16. Temperance Movement

17. Improving Education Public Schools • In the early 1800s, Massachusetts was the only state that required free publicschools. Reformers argued that a republic such as the United States requires educated citizens. • In 1814, New York State passed a law requiring local governments to set up tax-supported school districts.

18. Improving Education • In Massachusetts, Horace Mann urged legislators to provide more money foreducation. The state built new schools, extended the school year, raised teachers’ pay, and established colleges to train teachers. • By the 1850s, most northern states had set up free tax-supported elementary schools. • Mann is noted for the lasting institution of Public Education

19. Improving Education Education for African Americans • A few northern cities set up separate schools for black students. • In the North, a few African American men and women opened their own schools. • Some African Americans went on to attend private colleges such as Harvard, Dartmouth, and Oberlin. • In 1854, Pennsylvania chartered the first college for African American men.

20. Improving Education Education for people with disabilities • In 1817, Thomas Gallaudet set up a school for the deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. • In 1832, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the first American school for the blind.

21. Opposing Slavery -American Colonization Society -abolitionist -The Liberator -Underground Railroad

22. Most notable abolitionist • Grimke Sisters • Sojourner Truth • Harriett Beecher Stowe • Harriet Tubman • Fredrick Douglas • William Lloyd Garrison

23. Angela & SarahGrimke

24. The Grimke Sisters • Angelina and Sarah • Father was a rich slave owner • They hated slavery • Moved to Philadelphia to work for abolition • Spoke out to large crowds • Helped spark a crusade for Women’s Rights

25. Sojourner Truth

26. Sojourner Truth • Born into slavery in New York • Original name was Isabella • After gaining freedom she felt God wanted her to fight slavery • She vowed to sojourn and tell the truth about slavery thus her name

27. Harriet Beecher Stowe

28. Harriett Beecher Stowe • She wrote and published a novel in 1852 • “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”-opposed slavery - showed evils of slavery - injustice of Fugitive Slave Act

29. Harriet Tubman

30. Harriet Tubman • She was an escaped slave • Lead more than 300 slaves to freedom • Credited for establishing the :Underground Railroad” • Admirers called her “Black Moses” • She had a $40,000.00 reward for her capture by slave owners

31. Fredrick Douglass

32. Fredrick Douglas • Best known African American abolitionist • Escaped slave • Spoke in public after escaping • Spoke across United States and Britain • In 1847, started publishing the antislavery newspaper, the “North Star”

33. William Lloyd Garrison

34. William Lloyd Garrison • Out spoke white abolitionists • Spoke about how this evil should end immediately • Started the antislavery newspaper “The Liberator” • Founded the New England Antislavery Society • The Liberator provided a voice for abolition that might have been unpopular in some places because of First Amendment Rights

35. Roots of the Antislavery Movement Early antislavery efforts Since colonial times, Quakers had taught that slavery was a sin. During the Second Great Awakening, ministers called on Christians to stamp out slavery.

36. Roots of the Antislavery Movement Colonization Movement • The American ColonizationSocietyproposed to end slavery • by setting up an independent colony in Africa for freed slaves. In 1822, the society founded the nation of Liberia, in West Africa. Only a few thousand African Americans settled there.

37. Roots of the Antislavery Movement Abolitionist Movement Reformers known as abolitionists wanted to end slavery completely in the United States. Some African Americans tried to end slavery through lawsuits and petitions. Others, such as Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm, used their newspaper to influence public opinion.

38. Roots of the Antislavery Movement Abolitionist Movement Free African American David Walker encouraged enslaved African Americans to free themselves by any means.

39. The Underground Railroad • The Underground Railroadwas a network of black and white abolitionists who secretly helped slaves escape to freedom. • Conductorsguided runaways to stations where they could hide—the homes of abolitionists, churches, and caves.

40. Reasons Why People Opposed Abolition In the North • Northern mill owners, bankers, and merchants who depended on southern cotton worried about losing their cotton supply. • Northern workers feared that freed African Americans might come and take their jobs.

41. Reasons Why People Opposed Abolition In the South • Many white southerners accused abolitionists of preaching violence. • Slave owners defended slavery even more firmly than before. Some argued that slaves were better off than northern factory workers. • To many southerners, slavery was an essential part of the southern economy and way of life.

42. A Call For Women’s Rights • Seneca Falls Convention • Women’s rights movement • Most felt that giving women a right to vote would lead to the breakup of families

43. Major Women’s Rights Advocates • Abigail Adams • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Loucretia Mott • Sojourner Truth • Susan B. Anthony

44. Seeking Equal Rights for Women Reasons people sought equal rights for women in the mid-1800s • Women could not vote or hold office. • When a woman married, all of her property became her husband’s property. • A working woman’s wages belonged to her husband. • A husband had the right to hit his wife. • The abolitionist movement made people aware that women, too, lacked full social and political rights.

45. Sojourner Truth

46. Seeking Equal Rights for Women Sojourner Truth • This former slave was a spellbinding speaker. • She spoke out against slavery and also for women’s rights. • She ridiculed the idea that women were inferior to men by nature • She gave a powerful speech at the Seneca Falls Convention “Ain’t I A Woman”

47. Lucretia Mott

48. Seeking Equal Rights for Women Lucretia Mott This Quaker woman used her organizing skills to set up petition drives across the North.

49. Elizabeth Cady Stanton

50. Seeking Equal Rights for Women Elizabeth Cady Stanton Stanton joined Mott and other Americans at the World Antislavery Convention in London. Back at home in the United States, she and Mott organized a convention to draw attention to women’s problems. Seneca Falls Convention- 200 women and 40 men attended