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THE CELL

THE CELL. Key Points:. Structure (and importance) of cell membrane Structure (and function) of organelles Interconnections between cells to maintain structural stability in body tissues. A typical cell. Cell membrane Cytoplasm. non-membranous organelles. cytosol.

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THE CELL

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  1. THE CELL

  2. Key Points: • Structure (and importance) of cell membrane • Structure (and function) of organelles • Interconnections between cellsto maintain structural stability in body tissues.

  3. A typical cell • Cell membrane • Cytoplasm non-membranous organelles cytosol membranous organelles

  4. Cell membrane (plasma membrane) The ________ ________ model describes the structure of the plasma membrane. In this model the membrane is seen as a bilayer of ______________ in which protein molecules are embedded. (fill the blanks) Name the functions of cell membrane proteins 1. _____________ 2. _____________ 3. _____________ 4. _____________ 5. _____________

  5. Cell membrane (plasma membrane) The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane. In this model the membrane is seen as a bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded. Functions of proteins Cell adhesion molecule Carriers Pumps Ion channels Receptors Enzymes

  6. Non-membranous Organelles Name the non-membranous organelles. 1. 2. 3. 4.

  7. Non-membranous Organelles • Cytoskeleton • Microvilli • Cilia, Centrioles, Flagella • Ribosomes

  8. Cytoskeleton • Q. Name the 4 major components: • ________________ • ________________ • ________________ • ________________ • Q. What is its function: ____________

  9. Cytoskeleton • Answer: • The 4 major components are, • Microfilaments (mostly actin) • Intermediate filaments • Thick filaments (composed of myosin subunits) • Microtubules (composed of tubulin subunits) • Function: support & movement of cellular structures & materials

  10. 2 centrioles direct formation of mitotic spindle In 9+0 array

  11. The centrosome, also called the "microtubule organizing center", is an area in the cell where microtubles are produced. Within an animal cell centrosome there is a pair of small organelles, the centrioles, each made up of a ring of nine groups of microtubules. There are three fused microtubules in each group. The two centrioles are arranged such that one is perpendicular to the other. During animal cell division, the centrosome divides and the centrioles replicate (make new copies). The result is two centrosomes, each with its own pair of centrioles. The two centrosomes move to opposite ends of the nucleus, and from each centrosome, microtubules grow into a "spindle" which is responsible for separating replicated chromosomes into the two daughter cells.

  12. Cilia These are thread-like projections of certain cells that beat in a regular fashion to create currents that sweep materials along; In 9+2 array Q. Name sites where cilia can be found. _____________ _____________ Answer: Respiratory epithelium Fallopian tube

  13. Flagella These may extend to the rear of a cell and push it forward by snakelike wriggling, or stick out in front and draw it along. Q. Where can flagella be found in humans? __________________ Answer: Sperm Each sperm cell is propelled by a trailing flagellum that accelerates the little torpedo forward in its quest to fertilize an egg.

  14. Ribosomes Q. Ribosomes are made up of 60% _______ & 40% _______. They are active in _______ synthesis. There are 2 types of ribosomes __________ __________ Answers: 60% RNA + 40% Protein Active in protein synthesis There are Fixed (on RER)and free ribosomes

  15. Membranous Organelles

  16. Nucleus

  17. The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It is the largest organelle in the cell and it contains the DNA of the cell. The DNA of all cells is made up of ______________. DNA + _________proteins = Nucleosome ____________ + Linker DNA = Chromatin Answer: The DNA of all cells is made up of chromosomes. DNA + Histone proteins = Nucleosome Nucleosome + Linker DNA = Chromatin

  18. Inside the nucleus is another organelle called the nucleolus. The nucleolus is responsible for making ribosomes. The fenestrations on the surface of the nucleus are the nuclear pores. These are where ribosomes, and other materials move in and out of the cell.

  19. Mitochondria

  20. Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy Every type of cell has a different amount of mitochondria.. There are more mitochondria in cells that have to perform lots of work, for example- your leg muscle cells, heart muscle cells etc. Q. The mitochondrion has its own independent genome inherited from which gametocyte? Answer: Ovum

  21. Smooth(SER) & Rough (RER) endoplasmic reticulum Chambers = cysternae Function: Synthesis  Storage  Transport

  22. Fill in the blanks ER is a network of membranes throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. There are two types of ER. When ______________are attached it is called rough ER (RER)and smooth ER (SER) when there are no ______________ attached.  The rough endoplasmic reticulum is where most ________________ occurs in the cell. The function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to synthesize __________in the cell. The smooth ER is also helps in the ___________of harmful substances in the cell.

  23. Answer ER is a network of membranes throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. There are two types of ER. When ribosomesare attached it is called rough ER (RER)and smooth ER (SER) when there are no ribosomes attached.  The rough endoplasmic reticulum is where most protein synthesis occurs in the cell. The function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to synthesize lipids in the cell. The smooth ER is also helps in the detoxification of harmful substances in the cell.

  24. Golgi Apparatus • Packaging and shipping of proteins • Cell membrane renewal vesicles come from ?

  25. Lysosomes Function as the cell's recycling compartment. Lysosomesreceive cellular and endocytosed proteins and lipids that need digesting. The metabolites that result are transported either by vesicles or directly across the membrane.

  26. Q. Name “A” , “B”, “C” & “D”

  27. Answer:

  28. channel proteins interlock and form pores Q. Where are they abundantly seen? Answer: abundant in cardiac and smooth muscle Intercellular Attachments 1) Gap Junctions

  29. Interlocking membrane proteins Q. Where are they abundantly seen? Answer: Found near surface of cells lining the digestive tract. 2) Tight Junctions

  30. Proteoglycan layer reinforced by transmembraneproteins (cell adhesion molecules or CAMs) Belt, button and hemidesmosomes Q. Where are they abundantly seen? Answer: Found in superficial layers of skin 3) Desmosomes

  31. The End

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