1. The Cell

2. Movement through the cell • Passive transport – no energy required • Diffusion – region of high concentration to low concentration • Osmosis and dialysis – water through a selectively permeable membrane • Filtration – water and small particles through system due to hydrostatic pressure • Kidneys and urine formation

3. Active transport • Requires energy (ATP) • low to high concentration • Ion Pumps • Sodium potassium pumps • Phagocytosis • Larger molecules, foreign material • Pinocytosis • Fluids and dissolved material

4. Tonicity • Isotonic • Salt solution .9% is isotonic = to red blood cell • Hypertonic – solution contains higher salt content than cell • Water moves out of cell, cell shrinks = crenation • Hypotonic - solution contains lower salt content than cell • Water moves into cell, cell swells and lysis could occur

5. DNA Double stranded Helix ATCG Deoxyribose Can not leave nucleus Dictates directions for protein synthesis RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA) Single stranded Linear AUCG Ribose sugar Can leave nucleus Carries out protein synthesis Nucleic Acid: DNA and RNA

6. Protein synthesis, Fig 3.8 • Transcription • DNA to mRNA – out of nucleus • Translation • mRNA to ribosome to make protein

7. Cell division • Interphase • G1 – growth • S – synthesis, DNA copies itself • G2 – preparation for cell division • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Cytokensis

8. Changes in cell growth and reproduction • Hypertrophy – increase in size of cell • Atrophy – decrease in size of cell • Hyperplasia – increase in cell reproduction • Increase of number of cell • Anaplasia – production of abnormal, undifferentiated cells • Can result in a tumor or neoplasm