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Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease. Chapter 9. Causes of Death (2003). Types of Cardiovascular Disease. Hypertension 50,000,000. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) 12,400,000. Angina pectoris 6,400,000. Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) 7,300,000. Cerebral Vascular Accident (Stroke) 4,500,000.

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Cardiovascular Disease

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  1. Cardiovascular Disease Chapter 9

  2. Causes of Death (2003)

  3. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Hypertension • 50,000,000. • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) • 12,400,000. • Angina pectoris • 6,400,000. • Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) • 7,300,000. • Cerebral Vascular Accident (Stroke) • 4,500,000.

  4. Blood Pressure Systolic Category Diastolic Optimal <120 <80 Normal <130 <85 High Normal 85-89 130-139

  5. Classifications of Hypertension Systolic Diastolic Mild (1) 140-159 90-99 Moderate (2) 160-179 100-109 Severe (3) 180-209 110-119 Very Severe (4) > 210 > 120

  6. Types of Hypertension • Essential Hypertension – No known cause. • Age • Weight • Ancestry • Sodium intake • Smoking • Secondary Hypertension – Secondary to other diseases. Renal, Endocrine

  7. Consequences of HBP • Stroke • Angina • Myocardial infarction • Heart failure • Renal dysfunction • Blindness • Death from a cardiovascular cause

  8. Coronary Artery Disease • Disease of the arteries supplying blood to the heart resulting from: • Arteriosclerosis • Atherosclerosis

  9. Arteriosclerosis • Hardening of the arterial walls. • Reduces elasticity of arteries • Increases stress on heart

  10. Atherosclerosis • The formation of atheromatous plaques resulting in restricted blood flow • Deposits of cholesterol, other fats, connective tissue, and muscle tissue from healing of arterial damage

  11. In a Nutshell • We need special molecules to transport fats (lipids) – LDL (bad) HDL (good) • LDL infiltrate arterial wall and oxidize (change) • Changed LDL’s alter wall to express “adhesion molecule.” • Adhesion molecules attract macrophages • Macrophages eat LDLs --- Foam Cells • Cap forms over this • Foam cell secrete inflammatory chemicals • Cap breaks and clots form. • Debris the sticks and builds

  12. Consequences of CAD • HBP • Angina Pectoris • Heart Attack • Stroke • Conditions related to the above

  13. Myocardial Infarction • Cardiac necrosis resulting from ischemia (blocked blood flow) • Necrotic tissue does not regenerate • Consequences related to amount of necrosis • Slightly more than half of those with first MI survive

  14. Consequences of MI • Impaired cardiac function • Limits physical ability • Death • Increased risk for future attacks

  15. Cerebrovascular Accident • Decreased blood supply to a part of the brain • Caused by rupture , occlusion, or stenosis of the blood vessels • Onset may be sudden or gradual • Symptoms and patient problems depend on location and size of area of brain with reduced or absent blood supply • Common vs. Hemorrhagic • Third leading cause of death

  16. Stroke Rate by State (per 100,000) • 1  South Carolina  81.4 • 2  North Carolina  78.5 • 2  Tennessee  78.5 • 4  Arkansas  77.2 • 5  Georgia  74.8 • 6  Mississippi  74 • 7  Oregon  71.6 • 8  Alabama  71.5 • 8  Indiana  71.5 • 10  Oklahoma  69.5 • 11  Washington  68.7 • 41  North Dakota  55.5 • 42  Vermont  54.9 • 43  Arizona  53.8 • 44  Massachusetts  51.5 • 45  Connecticut  51.4 • 46  New Mexico  50.6 • 47  Florida  49.6 • 48  New Jersey  49 • 49  Rhode Island  45.6 • 50  DColumbia  44.4 • 51  New York  40.9

  17. Common Stroke • Stoke resulting from vascular blockage • Thrombosis • Blockage due to build-up • Embolus • Build-up (clot) breaks away and travels until it block cerebral vessel

  18. Hemorrhagic Stroke • CVA secondary to bleeding • Rupture • Aneurysm

  19. CVASigns and Symptoms • Altered LOC • Change in mental status • Decreased attention span • Decreased ability to think and reason • Difficulty following simple directions • Communication; motor and sensory aphasia difficulty with reading ,writing, speaking, or understanding • Bowel and bladder dysfunction retention impaction or incontinence

  20. CVASigns and Symptoms • Seizures • Limited motor function; paralysis, dysphgia, weakness , hemiplegia, loss of function or contractures • Loss of sensation/ perception • Headaches and syncope • Loss of temp regulation elevated TPR and BP • Absent of gag reflex ( aspiration) • Unusual emotional responses; depression, anxiety, anger, verbal outburst, and crying: emotional lability • Problems related with immobility

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