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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Investigating System Requirements. Chapter 2. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World 6 th Ed Satzinger, Jackson & Burd. Chapter 2 Outline. Systems Analysis Activities What Are Requirements? Models and Modeling Stakeholders Information-Gathering Techniques

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  2. Investigating System Requirements Chapter 2 Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World 6th Ed Satzinger, Jackson & Burd

  3. Chapter 2 Outline • Systems Analysis Activities • What Are Requirements? • Models and Modeling • Stakeholders • Information-Gathering Techniques • Documenting Workflows with Activity Diagrams Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  4. This Chapter Focuses onSystems Analysis Activities Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  5. Systems Analysis Activities • Gather Detailed Information • Interviews, questionnaires, documents, observing business processes, researching vendors, comments and suggestions • Define Requirements • Modeling functional requirements and non-functional requirements • Prioritize Requirements • Essential, important, vs. nice to have • Develop User-Interface Dialogs • Flow of interaction between user and system • Evaluate Requirements with Users • User involvement, feedback, adapt to changes Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  6. What Are Requirements? • Defined (Webster’s third dictionary) • requirementn  -S   : something required: • a: something that is wanted or needed:NECESSITY • b: something called for or demanded : a requisite or essential condition : a required quality, course, or kind of training Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  7. Different Types of Requirements • System Requirements • Functional requirements • Non-functional requirements • Functional Requirements– the activities the system must perform • Business uses, functions the users carry out • Use cases in Chapter 1 • Non-Functional Requirements– other system characteristics • Constraints and performance goals Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  8. FURPS+ Requirements Acronym • Functional requirements • Usability requirements • Reliability requirements • Performance requirements • Security requirements • + even more categories… Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  9. FURPS+ Requirements Acronym Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  10. Models and Modeling • How do we define requirements? After collecting information, create models • Model– a representation of some aspect of the system being built • Types of Models • Textual model– something written down, described • Graphical models– diagram, schematic • Mathematical models– formulas, statistics, algorithms • Unified Modeling Language (UML) • Standard graphical modeling symbols/terminology used for information systems Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  11. Some Analysis and Design Models Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  12. Reasons for Modeling • Learning from the modeling process • Reducing complexity by abstraction • Remembering all the details • Communicating with other development team members • Communicating with a variety of users and stakeholders • Documenting what was done for future maintenance/enhancement • Finding/correcting areas where errors/inefficiencies occur • Modelling is not a linear process! Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  13. StakeholdersWho do you involve and talk to? • Stakeholders– persons who have an interest in the successful implementation of the system • Internal Stakeholders– persons within the organization • External stakeholders –persons outside the organization • Operational stakeholders –persons who regularly interact with the system • Executive stakeholders– persons who don’t directly interact, but use the information or have financial interest Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  14. Stakeholdersof a comprehensive accounting system for public company Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  15. RMO Internal Stakeholders Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  16. Information Gathering Techniques • Interviewing users and other stakeholders • Distributing and collecting questionnaires • Reviewing inputs, outputs, and documentation • Observing and documenting business procedures • Researching vendor solutions • Collecting active user comments and suggestions Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  17. Interviewing Users and Other Stakeholders • Prepare detailed questions • Meet with individuals or groups of users • Obtain and discuss answers to the questions • Document the answers • Follow up as needed in future meetings or interviews Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  18. Themes for Information Gathering Questions Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  19. Preparing for Interview Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  20. Other Considerations for Interviews • Target certain people • “super users” • Make sure that all questions are relevant • Time is money • This is a good chance to get buy-in from the user! • Focus groups may be appropriate • Anonymity may also be appropriate • Location? • Compensation? • After every interview, review and change the agenda as needed Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  21. Interview Session Agenda Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  22. Keeping an Open Items List Used if a question requires follow-up (ie it cannot be answered by an interviewee in an interview) Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  23. Distribute and Collect Questionnaires Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  24. Review Inputs, Outputs, and Procedures * Blank ones or filled out ones? Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  25. Additional Techniques • Observe and Document Business Processes • Watch and learn • Document with Activity diagram (next section) • Research Vendor Solutions • See what others have done for similar situations • White papers, vendor literature, competitors • “best practices” or “common practice” • Collect Active User Comments and Suggestions • Feedback on models and tests • Users know it when the see it Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  26. Documenting Workflows with Activity Diagrams • Workflow • sequence of processing steps that completely handles one business transaction or customer request • Activity Diagram • describes user (or system) activities, the person who does each activity, and the sequential flow of these activities • Useful for showing a graphical model of a workflow • A UML diagram Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  27. Activity Diagram for RMO Order Fulfillment • Can be “as-is”as well as “to-be” Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  28. Activity Diagrams Symbols Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  29. Activity Diagram with Concurrent Paths Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

  30. Questions/Discussion Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

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