Chapter 5

1. Crisis in the Colonies Chapter 5

2. Life in the Colonies

3. Colonial Society • Colonists had more social equality • English citizens opportunities were based on birth • Gentry- top of society • Wealthy planter • Merchants • Ministers • Lawyers • Royal officals • Middle Class- middle of society. • Farmers • Craftsworkers • tradespeople • Made up 75% of the population

4. Colonial Society Lowest classes • Indentured Servants- signed contracts to work without wages for 7 years. • Farmhands • Servants • Slaves • Field slaves • House Slaves • Dock slaves Women • Wives took care of households, husbands, children, and family • In backcountry wives worked alongside the men in the fields • City women worked outside the house • Cooks • Maids • Nurse • Seamstress

5. Great Awakening • Religious Movement of the 1730s and 1740s • John Edwards started the Awakening in the colonies • Edwards preached of the sweetness and beauty of God. • George Whitefield preached for sinners to repent.

6. Impact of Great Awakening • Caused new churches to spring up after people left old churches • Forced the colonists to be more tolerant of different beliefs • Believers felt free to challenge the crown when liberties were at stake • Thought differently about their political rights and government.

7. Education in the Colonies • Massachusetts was the first to set up public schools. Public School- schools supported by taxes. • Rich and poor children • Middle and Southern colonies had private schools. • Wealthy families • Tutors- private teachers. • Apprentices- worked for a master to learn a trade or craft. • Dame Schools- Private schools run by women in their homes for girls.

8. Spread of Ideas • Enlightenment- the spread of ideas about human reasoning and the scientific method. • John Locke, a philosopher from England, wrote many things that were popular in the colonies. • News papers started popping up in all colonies. • Boston News-Letter 1704 • With the news, the ideas about freedom of press spread. • John Peter Zenger, Weekly Journal ,NYC, put on trial for libel. • Libel-act of publishing a statement that my unjustly damage a person’s reputation.

9. French and Indian War • France claimed a vast area of land that bordered the 13 colonies. • British trappers were crossing the Appalachian Mts (Ohio Valley) to take over the fur trade from the French. • Indian groups chose sides • French: Algoquins, Huron • British: Iroquois

10. War Starts • 3 times between 1689-1748 France and Great Britain fought for power in North America and Europe. • 1754 the fourth conflict broke out. • George Washington commissioned to build a fort in the Ohio Valley for GB.

11. George Washington • 22 years old in 1754 • Grew up on plantation in Virginia • Wealthy • Gifted in Mathmatics • Worked as a surveyor at age 15

12. Albany Congress • Gain an allegiance with the Iroquois • Wanted all colonies to work together to defeat the French. • Wanted to form one government • Ben Franklin of Pennsylvania proposed Albany Plan of Union • Albany Plan of Union- attempt to create one general government. • Not approved.

13. Tide turns • After many British Defeats and setbacks William Pitt took over the British Government. • Encouraged the colonist to support war by promising large military payment and supplies. • General Jeffery Amherst captures Louisburg(most important French fort) • Took control of fort Niagara, Crown Point, and Fort Ticonderoga

14. Treaty of Paris • After the fall of Quebec the war ended. • Great Britain and France signed the Treaty of Paris. • Treaty of Paris- brought French and Indian war to an end. • Spain allied with the French, they lost Florida • French lost all of the land west of the Mississippi River to Spain.

15. Trouble on the Frontier • Native American groups living in the Ohio Valley. • Shawnee • Ottawa • Miami • Huron • Colonists moving to the valley often clashed with Indians. • 1762 Lord Jeffery Amherst sent to keep order

16. French treatment vs British treatment French British Raised prices on trade goods. Built farms and forts on Indian lands. • Treated Indians as friends • Held feasts and gave presents • Did not build farms on their lands

17. Pontiac’s War • Ottawa chief who spoke out against the British • Led attack on British troops at Fort Detroit • Captured all British forts in Ohio country. • British regained what they lost. • Proclamation of 1763- drew an imaginary line along crest of Appalachian Mountains that colonists were forbidden to settle west of line.

18. Proclamation of 1763 • Angered colonists because New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia claimed land in Ohio country. • Colonists moved west anyway. • Daniel Boone moved to Kentucky

19. British Impose New Taxes Sugar Act 1764 Stamp Act 1765 Placed new taxes on legal documents. Wills Diplomas Marriage papers Also taxed Newspapers Almanacs Playing cards dice • New Taxes on molasses • Replaced earlier act which traders got around. • Old tax would have bankrupted merchants. • 1764 Sugar Act lowered tax and made it easier to capture sugglers

20. “No Taxation Without Representaion” • Colonists believed the Stamp Act was unjust • Went against the principle of no taxation without representation. • Colonists believed only their elected representatives could tax them. • Colonists did not elect members of Parliament so they could not tax them. • Colonists were willing to pay tax only if their representatives passed them

21. Uniting in Peaceful protest • In Oct 1765 delegates from all 9 colonies met in New York City to form a Stamp Act Congress. • Delegates drew up a petition to King George III and Parliament. • Rejected the Stamp Act • Specified that Parliament had no right to tax them. • Petition- a formal written request to someone in authority, signed by a group of people.

22. Ignored by Parliament • Colonists took steps to change the law. • Joined together to boycott British goods. • The colonial boycott took a toll on the British economy. • Trade fell 14% • Merchants were facing ruin • British workers were being laid off • 1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act. • Passed a law stating that Parliament could raise taxes on English Citizens as well as English Colonists

23. Townshend Acts • Arguments in Parliament over taxing America sparked taxes in America on many goods. • June 1767 the Townshend Acts were passed. • Glass • Paper • Paint • Lead • tea • Colonists still believed that Parliament had no right to tax without their consent.

24. Protest against Townshend Acts • In order to control smuggling Parliament set up writs of assistance. • Writs of assistance- allowed custom officials to inspect ships and cargo without reason • Colonists said this violated their rights as English Citizens. • Merchants and farmers agreed to not import goods that fell under the Townshend Act

25. Sons and Daughters of Liberty Sons of Liberty Daughters of Liberty Boycotted British cloth Wanted colonial women to raise more sheep. Spin and weave their own cloth. “ It’s better to wear a Homespun coat than to lose our Liberty.” • Staged mock hangings of cloth or straw likenesses of British officials. • Showed tax collectors what might happen if they tried to collect the tax

26. New Colonial Leaders in Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Cousin of Samuel Adams Schoolteacher Skilled lawyer Knowledge of British law helped with protests • From Boston, Mass • Despised British government. • Loved politics • Failed businessman • Worked to organize protests

27. Women Colonial Leaders Mercy Otis Warren Abigail Adams John Adams wife Helped Warren write the plays Fought for greater rights of women in the colonies. • Wrote plays that made fun of British officials. • Plays were published in newspapers throughout the colonies

28. New Colonial Leaders in Virginia George Washington Thomas Jefferson 22 year old law student Moved by Henry’s words • Member of the House of Burgesses. • Protested the Acts Patrick Henry • Lawyer who aided in understanding British law

29. Boston Massacre • March 5, 1770 a crowed gathered outside Boston customs house. • Soldiers panicked and fired into the crowed. • 5 people were killed • Outraged colonists protested the deaths • Paul Revere made engravings that showed the event • Sam Adams wrote letters to all colonies to build outrage

30. Tea time • Tea was very popular. By 1770 1million Americans brewed tea twice a day. • Tea was brought to colonies by British East India Company. • Colonists refused to buy the tea. • 15 million pounds sat in warehouses

31. Tea Act • BEIC was struggling to survive. • Parliament passed Tea Act of 1773 • Allowed BEIC to bypass the merchants and sell straight to the colonists. • Colonists protested Tea Act • Americans felt being forced to buy tea from BEIC. The Americas were not allowed to conduct free enterprise.

32. New Tea boycott • Daughters of Liberty served coffee or liberty tea made out of raspberry leaves • Sons of Liberty kept BEIC from unloading cargoes of tea.

33. Boston Tea Party • 3 ships loaded with tea came into Boston Harbor in late Nov 1773. • Sam Adams and Sons of Liberty asked the Governor of the colony to send the ships away. • Sons of Liberty were dressed in Indian disguises headed to harbor and began to throw the tea in the harbor

34. Parliament Strikes back • British government was furious over the lawlessness in Boston. • Parliament and the king passed four laws that punished Massachusetts • The laws became know as the Intolerable Acts by the colonists.

35. Intolerable Acts • 1st Parliament shut down Boston Harbor • No ships were allowed to leave or enter • Remain closed until colonists paid for all the tea and personal property. • 2nd forbade Massachusetts to hold town meetings more than once a year. • Had to have governor approve meetings • All juries would be selected by kings officials instead of being elected by colonists

36. Intolerable Acts • 3rd all customs officers or other officials that may be accused of a crime to be tried in Britain or Canada. • Colonists protested because they thought the officers and officials would get away with crimes • 4th Parliament passed a new Quartering Act that forced colonists to house all British soldiers when no other places were available

37. Quebec Act • Set up a government in Canada • Gave complete religious freedom to French Catholics • Extended borders of Quebec to include land between the Ohio River and Missouri River • Angered Colonists because most claimed land in this area

38. Other Colonies Support Boston • September 1774 colonial leaders called a meeting in Philadelphia • Delegates from 12 colonies gathered at the First Continental Congress • Georgia did not send delegates. • Backed Boston in its struggle • Asked to boycott all British goods until Intolerable acts were repealed • Set up and train a militia • Planned to meet again May 1775

39. Preparing for the Powder Keg • Massachusetts colonists were preparing for to resist the Intolerable Acts. • They called it “ the Massacre of American Liberty” • Volunteers known as minutemen trained regularly. • Minutemen- men who were prepared to fight at a minute’s notice.

40. Minutemen collected weapons and gun power • British built up its own military forces. • British brought more troops to Boston, raising the total to 4,000 • 1775 British scouts were sent out to spy in towns near Boston • Scouts found that in Concord( 18 miles from Boston) the minutemen had a huge store of arms. • General Thomas Gage planned a surprise march to Concord to seize the arms.

41. Sounding the Alarm • April 18 1775, 700 British soldiers left Boston in Darkness • Sons of Liberty were watching. • When the British were left, Ameriucans hung two lamps from the Old North Church in Boston. • It signaled the colonists across the Charles River that the Redcoats were on the way

42. Riding with Speed • Messengers mounted their horses and headed toward Concord. • One midnight rider was Paul Revere. He shouted the message “ The redcoats are coming! The redcoats are coming!” as he passsed through each village along the way

43. “Shot heard around the World” • Daybreak April 19, 1775 redcoats reached Lexington, town near Concord. • 70 minutemen were waiting on the redcoats • A shot fired out when most of the minutemen were leaving. • After a struggle 8 colonists were killed.

44. Onward to Concord • British troops get to concord and find no arms. • On the way back to Boston, redcoats are met by 300 minutemen • British troops retreated • By the time they reached Boston 73 redcoats lost their life. • 200 were wounded or missing • No idea of peace after battles was the thought. Only war would end the battles