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The Human Body

Chapter 4. The Human Body. Case History.

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The Human Body

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  1. Chapter 4 The Human Body

  2. Case History You respond to a call and find a 25-year-old woman who has been stabbed several times in the chest and abdomen. The wounds are located on the front of the chest wall between the fourth and fifth rib on the left side, on the center of the abdomen, just below the breastbone and in the lower abdomen just above the pubic bone. There is minimal external bleeding.

  3. Anatomical Terms • Superior • Inferior • Anterior (ventral) • Posterior (dorsal) • Midline • Lateral • Medial

  4. Anatomical Terms • Midclavicular • Midaxillary • Proximal • Distal • Palmar • Plantar • Bilateral

  5. Position • Erect • Prone • Supine

  6. Lateral Recumbent

  7. Shock Position 8-12 inches

  8. Fowler’s

  9. Trendelenberg

  10. Movement • Abduction • Adduction

  11. Movement • Flexion • Extension • Hyperextension

  12. Movement • Medial rotation • Lateral rotation

  13. Organization of the Body • Cell – the fundamental unit of all living things • Tissue – cells grouped together to serve a common function • Organ – several type of tissues working together to serve a function (e.g., heart, liver, lungs) • Organ system – several organs working together to serve a complex function

  14. Skeletal System Function • Gives the body shape • Protects vital organs • Provides body movement

  15. Skeletal System

  16. Bones and Other Connective Tissues • Bones – a form of connective tissue • 206 bones • Other forms of connective tissue • Cartilage • Ligaments • Tendons

  17. Skull

  18. 33 vertebrae Cervical – 7 Thoracic – 12 Lumbar – 5 Sacral – 5 Coccygeal - 4 Spinal Column

  19. Major Body Cavities • Cranial • Spinal • Thoracic • Abdominopelvic

  20. Major Body Cavities

  21. Pelvic Cavity

  22. Abdominal Quadrants

  23. Upper Extremities

  24. Lower Extremities

  25. Types of Joints

  26. Types of Muscle • Voluntary • Involuntary • Cardiac

  27. Skeletal Muscles

  28. Respiratory System

  29. Upper Respiratory Tract

  30. Lower Respiratory Tract

  31. Muscles of Respiration

  32. Inspiration (Active) • Diaphragm flattens, increases inferior-superior diameter of chest • External intercostals pull ribs up, increase anterior-posterior, lateral dimensions • Increase in size — more volume, less gas, decrease in pressure, air rushes in • Inspiration continues until pressure between lung and atmosphere equalizes

  33. Expiration (Passive) • Elastic recoil of lungs plus muscle relaxation • Chest cavity decreases in size — less volume, more gas, air rushes out to atmosphere • Expiration continues until atmosphere and chest pressure are equal

  34. Inspiration and Expiration

  35. Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

  36. Adequate Breathing • Normal rate • Adult — 12-20/minute • Child — 15-30/minute • Infant — 25-50/minute • Rhythm • Quality • Depth (tidal volume)

  37. Inadequate Breathing • Rate — outside of normal ranges • Rhythm — irregular • Quality • Breath sounds — diminished or absent • Chest expansion — unequal or inadequate • Increased effort of breathing

  38. Inadequate Breathing • Depth (tidal volume) — inadequate/shallow • Skin • Pale or cyanotic (blue) • Cool and clammy • Retractions • Nasal flaring • Seesaw breathing • Agonal respirations

  39. Infant and Child Anatomy Considerations • Smaller airway • Tongue is larger in relation to mouth • Trachea • Narrower • More pliable • Cricoid cartilage • Smaller and less rigid • Narrowest portion of the airway • Infants and children depend on diaphragm for breathing

  40. Heart and Great Vessels

  41. Pericardium

  42. Chambers of the Heart

  43. Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

  44. Valves of the Heart

  45. Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins

  46. Major Systemic Arteries

  47. Capillaries

  48. Major Systemic Veins

  49. Composition of Blood

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