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NATS 101 Intro to Weather and Climate Section 34: 08:00AM MWF ILC 150

NATS 101 Intro to Weather and Climate Section 34: 08:00AM MWF ILC 150. Dr. E. Robert Kursinski TA: Tina Stall. Please turn off cell phones. Who Am I?. Professor Department of Atmospheric Science Joint Faculty Appointment Dept. of Planetary Sciences

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NATS 101 Intro to Weather and Climate Section 34: 08:00AM MWF ILC 150

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  1. NATS 101 Intro to Weather and Climate Section 34: 08:00AM MWF ILC 150 Dr. E. Robert Kursinski TA: Tina Stall Please turn off cell phones

  2. Who Am I? • Professor Department of Atmospheric Science • Joint Faculty Appointment Dept. of Planetary Sciences • Worked for many years at NASA JPL in So. Cal. • Research Specialty Remote Sensing, Water cycle, Planetary atmospheres • Ph.D. in Planetary Sciences M.S. in Electrical Engineering B.S. in Physics, Minor in Music Theory Lecture 1-Nats 101

  3. Vital Statistics • Office Hours: Dr. Kursinski by Appointment PAS Bldg, Rm 580 Ms. Stall Monday & Wednesday 11-noon PAS Bldg, Rm 526 and by Appointment • Required Text: Essentials of Meteorology-An Invitation to the Atmosphere, 4th & 5th Ed. by C. Donald Ahrens Picture LinkPublisher Download, Save $ • Recommended Text: Study Guide for Essentials of Meteorology, 4rd Ed. by C. Donald Ahrens Link • Required Material: Thirty (30) 4''x 6'' index cards. Lecture 1-Nats 101

  4. Course Description Intro to science of processes weather & climate change: • atmospheric structure and composition, • energy balance, • wind systems, • clouds and precipitation, • weather fronts, cyclones, weather forecasting, • thunderstorms and lightning, • hurricanes, monsoons, • climate and global warming, • ozone hole and air pollution Lecture 1-Nats 101

  5. Course Description Emphasis will be given to phenomena that have strong impacts on human activities. The fundamental importance of physics, chemistry and mathematics will be noted. Atmospheric Science is a branch of Applied Physics Lecture 1-Nats 101

  6. Attendance Policy Attendance is mandatory, and will be tallied throughout the term. After three unexcused absences prior to week 9, I will submit to the Office of Curriculum and Registration an administrative drop from the course and assign a grade in accordance with UA policy. http://catalog.arizona.edu/2006-07/policies/classatten.htm Lecture 1-Nats 101

  7. Student Behavior UA Code of Academic Integrity, Code of Conduct and Student Code of Conduct are enforced in this course. Every student is responsible for learning these codes and abiding by them.http://w3.arizona.edu/~studpubs/policies/ppmainpg.html Students can submit complaints online athttp://web.arizona.edu/~dos/uapolicies/ Lecture 1-Nats 101

  8. Grading Policy Final grade will be based on scores from closed book/closed notes quizzes and final exam. Quizzes will consist of multiple choice questions and short answer questions. Quizzes will cover new material presented through the end of the previous lecture day. Extra credit questions given on some quizzes. Extra credit impromptu “pop” quizzes given. Lecture 1-Nats 101

  9. Grading Policy • There will be seven quizzes during the term. Dates for the quizzes arelisted on the home page. • Students who arrive late on quiz days will be not allowed to take the quiz after the first student turns in her/his quiz.No Exceptions • The lowest score among the seven quizzes will be excluded from the course grade. Therefore, no make-up quizzes. Lecture 1-Nats 101

  10. Grading Policy • If your final exam score exceeds the average of your 6 best quizzes, the quizzes will comprise 60% of your term grade and the final 40%. Otherwise, the quizzes will comprise 75% of your term grade and the final 25%. • CARROT: If your average is 90% or higher on all 7 quizzes, you will earn an exemption from the final and will receive an "A'' for the course. • No Extra Credit Projects. So Plan Accordingly! Lecture 1-Nats 101

  11. Final Examination Section 34 (08:00 am MWF): ILC 150 Wednesday Dec. 12, 08:00 am - 10:00 am • The final will consist of approximately 60 multiple choice questions and short answer questions. • A number of questions will be taken verbatim from the old quizzes. Lecture 1-Nats 101

  12. Course Grading • Course Grading Scale A 90% or higher B 80.0-89.99% C 65.0-79.99% D 55.0-64.99% E < 55.0% Lecture 1-Nats 101

  13. Expectations Every student is expected to: • Complete all of the assigned reading before the lecture (unless you hear otherwise). • Devote a minimum of 2 hours outside of class studying, reading, etc. for every hour of classroom lecture. Unit Credit Definition • Attend class daily, arrive on time, leave when class is dismissed (courtesy to peer students). Lecture 1-Nats 101

  14. The Golden Rule Instructor and students all show: Mutual Respect! Lecture 1-Nats 101

  15. Literacy Requirements Although the writing requirement for this course is negligible, there is a science literacy requirement: • Use scientific notation for writing numbers (especially rather large or small ones). • Specify units of physical quantities (e.g. meters for elevation, etc.). • Attempt to quantify physical relationships. Lecture 1-Nats 101

  16. Announcements Course Homepage…is now functional http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/ Click Course Links Click NATS101 – Kursinski Lecture 1-Nats 101

  17. Class Format:Lecture Days • 2-4 minutes - Interesting weather discussion • 2-3 minutes - Review/Summary/Clean-up From Prior Lecture, Optional • 40-45 minutes - New Material Lecture, Demos, Discussion • 2-3 minutes - Wrap-up and Summary Lecture 1-Nats 101

  18. Class Format:Quiz Days • 2-3 minutes - Review/Summary/Clean-up From Prior Lecture, Optional • 5-10 minutes - Last Minute Questions Passing Out Quiz Materials • 40 minutes - Quiz Lecture 1-Nats 101

  19. Class LISTSERV • NATS101-034@listserv.arizona.edu • Use for any questions, comments, discussions that are general interest to the class. • kursinski@atmo.arizona.edu is reserved for personal requests not of general interest. • To subscribe go to http://listserv.arizona.edu/ and click the link “Subscribe to a list” http://listserv.arizona.edu/Subscribe.html Follow straightforward instructions Lecture 1-Nats 101

  20. LISTSERV You can subscribe by sending an email to listserv@listserv.arizona.edu with the following as the only line in the body of the message. subscribenats101s34Firstname LastnameSubstitute your first name for FirstnameSubstitute your last name for Lastname Lecture 1-Nats 101

  21. Importance of Atmosphere • Necessary for a wide spectrum of features Oceans Clouds, Rain, Fresh Water Erosion by Water and Wind Life, Life on Land Blue Skies, Red Sunsets, Twilight Sound Lecture 1-Nats 101

  22. Importance of Atmosphere • Point 1- Offers Protection Consider surface temperatures Without atmosphere? 0oF global average, large diurnal swings Similar to the Moon’s Climate With atmosphere… 60oF global average, moderate diurnal swings Lecture 1-Nats 101

  23. Importance of Atmosphere • Point 2 - Offers Protection Consider Surface Radiation Shields against harmful UV radiation Lecture 1-Nats 101

  24. Importance of Atmosphere • Consider Survival Time Without Food  few weeks Without Water  few days Without Air  few minutes Lecture 1-Nats 101

  25. Atmosphere Sun Earth 13,000 km Space To Understand the Atmosphere Examine its interfaces with land/ocean with space Is a very thin skin 99% below 50 km (31 miles) 50% below 5.5 km (3.4 miles) Atmosphere Picture Energy Flow Solar Input = Output to Space Lecture 1-Nats 101

  26. Note “thinness” of atmosphere in light blue NASA photo gallery Lecture 1-Nats 101

  27. Example of Ocean-Atmosphere Coupling: El Nino-La Nina Lecture 1-Nats 101

  28. Lecture 1-Nats 101 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2005/ann/ann05.html

  29. Lecture 1-Nats 101

  30. Local Weather and Climate: The North American Monsoon • Tucson gets half of its rainfall during the summer • Sonora, Mexico gets most of its rainfall during the summer • During summer, high pressure sets up to the east/northeast of Arizona which brings moisture in from the south • The monsoon is still going: Thunderstorms yesterday • For a monsoon overview and daily forecast, see: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/twc/monsoon/monsoon.php http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/products/models/forecasts/forecast.html Lecture 1-Nats 101

  31. Local: Recent Monsoon Rainfall • Record water flow through the Sabino and Rillito Creeks on July 31 • Rillito flow higher than Colorado river! Lecture 1-Nats 101 See http://fpnew.ccit.arizona.edu/kkh/rillito.flood.jul.06.htm

  32. Course Building Blocks • Intro  1st week or so • Energy  ~2 weeks • Moisture  ~2 weeks • Dynamics  ~3 weeks Above are interdependent • Specific Topics  ~6 weeks Lecture 1-Nats 101

  33. Atmospheric CompositionPermanent Gases • N2 and O2 are most abundant gases • Percentages hold constant up to 80 km • Ar, Ne, He, and Xe are chemically inert • N2 and O2 are chemically active, removed & returned Ahrens, Table 1.1, 4th Ed. Lecture 1-Nats 101

  34. N2 and O2 N2 Boiling point: 77 °K or -196°C or –320 °F O2 Boiling point: 90 °K or -183 °C or -297 °F Balance between input (production) and output (destruction): Input:plant/animal decaying Output: soil bacteria; oceanic plankton-->nutrients Input:plant photosynthesis Output: organic matter decay chemical combination (oxidation) breathing Lecture 1-Nats 101

  35. Atmospheric CompositionImportant Trace Gases Ahrens, Table 1.1, 3rd ed. Which of these is now wrong even in the 4th edition of Ahrens? Lecture 1-Nats 101

  36. Carbon Dioxide CO2 • Sources • vegetative decay • volcanic eruptions • animal exhalation • combustion of fossil fuels(CH4 + 2 O2 > 2 H2O + CO2) • Sinks • photosynthesis (oxygen production) • dissolves in water • phytoplankton absorption (limestone formation) Lecture 1-Nats 101

  37. CO2 Trend “Keeling Curve” Some gases vary by season and over many years. The CO2 trend is the cause for concern about global warming. CO2 increases in northern spring, decreases in northern fall Lecture 1-Nats 101 See http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/globalchange/keeling_curve/01.html

  38. H2O Vapor VariabilityPrecipitable Water (mm) Some gases can vary spatially and daily Lecture 1-Nats 101

  39. Aerosols 1 cm3 of air can contain as many as 200,000 non-gaseous particles. • dust • dirt (soil) • ocean spray • volcanic ash • water • pollen • pollutants Lecture 1-Nats 101

  40. Aerosols - Volcanic Ash Lecture 1-Nats 101 Fig. 1-4, p.6

  41. Aerosols - Dust Particles Dust Storm on Interstate 10, between Phoenix and Tucson, AZ. Lecture 1-Nats 101

  42. Aerosols • Provide condensation nuclei for water vapor. • Provide a surface area or catalyst needed for much atmospheric chemistry. • Aerosols can deplete stratospheric ozone. They can also cool the planet by reflecting sunlight back to space. Lecture 1-Nats 101

  43. Reading Assignment • Ahrens Pages 1-22; 425-426-427 (Appendix A: Units etc.), 431-432 (Appendix C: Weather chart symbols) Problems 1.2, 1.3, 1.10, 1.14, 1.17, 1.18, 1.20 (1.17  Chapter 1, Question 17) Don’t Forget the 4”x6” Index Cards Lecture 1-Nats 101

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