1. Types of rocks

2. 3 types of rocks: • There are 3 types of rocks found on Earth: • Igneous • Sedimentary • Metamorphic

3. Igneous Rocks - Formation • Igneous Rocks are formed by melting, cooling, and crystallization of other rocks. • Igneous rocks form as a result of volcanic activity, hot spots, and melting that occurs in the mantle.

4. Igneous rocks • Igneous rocks are common along plate boundaries or mantle hot spots

5. Igneous Rocks - Classification • Igneous rocks are classified using their texture in the following ways: • Glassy • Aphanitic (no visible crystals) • Phaneritic (visible crystals) • Porphyritic (Some visible and some not visible crystals)

6. Igneous Rocks - Texture • Crystal size is used to classify igneous rocks. • Crystals form as the rock cools, and the crystal size can tell us a lot about its cooling history: • The larger the crystals, the slower it cooled.

7. Igneous Rocks - Texture • Glassy igneous rocks have no crystal structure, and probably formed by very rapid cooling (such as on the surface of a lava, or when a lava enters the water.)

8. Igneous Rocks - Texture • Aphanitic rocks have no visible crystals, and probably formed by fast cooling above ground.

9. Igneous Rocks - Texture • Phaneritic rocks have visible crystals, and probably formed by slow cooling below ground.

10. Igneous Rocks - Texture • Porphyritic rocks have both visible and nonvisible crystals, and probably formed by two different cooling events.

11. Igneous Rocks - Classification • Dark igneous rocks are formed from basaltic or mafic magma. (Mafic because it contains a lot of magnesium and iron). • The magma that forms these rocks is usually very hot (around 1000°C) and viscous (about the same viscosity as ketchup.)

12. Igneous Rocks - Classification • Light colored igneous rocks are formed from silicic (high silica content) or felsic magmas. • The magmas that form these rocks is usually more cool, (lower than 850°C), and more viscous (about the viscosity of peanut butter.)

13. Igneous rocks - Formations • Structures and formations seen in igneous rocks include: • Hexagonal columnar joints • Pahoehoe lava flows • Dikes, sills, and batholiths (plutons) • Pillow basalts • Volcanoes

14. Igneous Rocks - Examples • The most common types of igneous rocks include: • Rhyolite • Andesite • Basalt • Granite • Diorite • Gabbro

15. Igneous rocks charted

16. Sedimentary Rocks - Formation • Sedimentary rocks are formed by weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation of other rocks. • Sedimentary rocks form in areas where water, wind, or gravity deposit sediments.

17. Sedimentary rocks - formation • Sedimentary rocks are likely to form in areas such as: • Deltas • Beaches • Rivers • Glaciers • Sand dunes • Shallow seas • Deep oceans

18. Sedimentary rocks - Classification • Sedimentary rocks are classified into two groups: • Clastic rocks • Chemically formed rocks

19. Sedimentary rocks – Classification • Sedimentary rocks are Clastic if they are made of pieces of other rocks that have been weathered and eroded. • Clastic rocks are grouped based on the size of grain that they are made from.

20. Sedimentary rocks - Classification • Very small particles make up mudrock. • Medium sized particles make up sandstone. • Large particles make up conglomerates.

21. Sedimentary rocks - Classification • Sedimentary rocks that form from chemical processes are called biochemical rocks (formed from living things) or Chemical precipitates (formed from lakes or shallow seas.)

22. Sedimentary rocks - formations • Structures and formations seen in sedimentary rocks include: • Stratification • Cross bedding • Graded bedding • Ripple marks • Mud cracks • Fossils

23. Sedimentary rocks - Examples • Conglomerate • Sandstone • Shale • Limestone • Gypsum • Oolites • Chert (including black flint and red jasper)

24. Metamorphic rocks - Formation • Metamorphic rocks are formed by heat and pressure changing one type of rock into another type of rock. • Metamorphic rocks form near lava intrusions, at plate subduction zones, and in deep mountain roots.

25. Metamorphic rocks - Formation • Lava intrusions can provide heat that causes metamorphic rocks to form. These small areas of metamorphic rock form from contact metamorphosis.

26. Metamorphic rocks - Formation • Rocks that metamorphose because of increasing heat and pressure found at plate subduction zones and in deep mountain roots form large areas of metamorphic rock through regional metamorphosis.

27. Metamorphic rocks - Classification • Metamorphic rocks are classified into 2 major groups: • Foliated • Nonfoliated

28. Metamorphic rocks - Classification • Foliated rocks form when differential pressure causes minerals to form in layers. • These rocks will have stripes or planes that they will break easily along. • These “stripes” don’t usually line up with the original bedding planes in sedimentary rocks.

29. Metamorphic rocks • Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks formed in areas where the pressure from all sides was equal, so there is no “linear” quality to the rocks.

30. Metamorphic rocks - Formations • Structures and formations seen in metamorphic rocks include: • Folding • Plastic deformation • Stretching • Alternating dark and light layers (gneissic foliation)

31. Metamorphic rocks - Examples • Some common types of metamorphic rock include: • Slate • Schist • Gneiss • Amphibolite • Marble • Quartzite • Metaconglomerate

32. Metamorphic rocks - Charted