Middle Ages

1. Middle Ages

2. Fuedalism • Charlemagnes reign ends • Grandsons divide up empire; weakens and becomes battleground

3. Vikings • Origin: Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway) • Northmen or Norsemen-Germanic people • Raids: Beached ships, attacked quickly, and then moved out to sea • 1000ad-Viking terror begins to end-warmer weather

4. Magyar and Muslim • Origin: East Europe: Hungary • Superb Horsemen • South: Muslims (Came up from N. Africa)

5. Result • Widespread disorder and suffering • Lived in constant danger and fear • Kings could not defend effectively • People stop looking to central ruler for security

6. Feudalism • A political and ecomic system based on land ownership and personal loyalty • Based on rights and obligations: • In exchange for military protection and other servies, a lord, or landowner, granted land called a fief. • Person receiving a fief was called a vassal • Depended on the control of land

7. Feudal Society • Like a pyramid • King • Powerful Vassals-wealthy landowners, nobles and bishops • Knights • Peasants

8. Status • 3 groups • Those who fought (Nobles and Knights) • Those who pray (men and women of the church) • Those who worked (Peasants) • Social usually inherited • Most peasants were serfs • Serfs- people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born

9. Serfs • Tax on all grain • Crime to make bread elsewhere • Tax on marriage-must get approval of lord to get married • Tithe-Church tax and equaled 1/10 of their income.

10. Code of Chivalry • Knights: Displayed courage in battle and loyalty to their lord • Fight bravely in defense of 3 masters (Earthly feudal lord, heavenly Lord, chosen lady) • Protect weak and poor • Loyal, brave, courteous

11. Church Reform • Dark ages: Attacks from Magyars and Vikings, destroyed many places of learning and monasteries • Monasteries led the spiritual revival • Cluny in France: Return to the basic principles of Christian religion: Est. New Religious order

12. Church Reform • Priests: Illiterate • Popes: Questionable morals • Bishops and Abbots: Feudal lords • 3 issues: • 1. Marriage • 2. Bishops sold positions in the church (Simony) • 3. Lay investitures: Kings appointed church bishops

13. Church Reform • Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII enforced church laws against simony and the marriage of priests • Church funded new movement: Tithes • Tithe: 1/10 of the yearly income of every Christian family

14. New Orders and Cathedrals • Friars: Traveled from place to place preaching and spreading the Church’s ideas • Took vows of Chastity, poverty, and obedience • Did not live apart from the world in monasteries like monks • Owned nothing and lived by begging

15. New Order and Cathedrals • Dominic: Spanish priest: Founded the Dominicans, early order of Friars • Emphasized importance of study • Francis of Assisi: Italian: Founded the Franciscans, order of Friars • Treated all creatures, including animals, as if they were his spiritual brothers and sisters

16. New Order and Cathedrals • Women joined the Dominicans, Benedictines, and Franciscans • Clare and Francis of Assisi: Founded the Franciscan order for Women: Known as the Poor Clares • Hildegard of Bingen, a mystic and musician, founded a Benedictine convent • Lived in poverty and helped the sick and poor • Not allowed to travel from place to place as preachers

17. New Order and Cathedrals • Gothic-Germanic tribe named the Goths • Style of architecture • Thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven • Light streamed in through stained glass windows and the goal was to inspire the worshiper with the magnificence of God

18. Agriculture Paves the Way • Towns and cities begin to grow: Growing population and territorial expansion of western Europe • Reason: Improved farming methods • Expanding civilizations require an increased food supply • Warmer climate from 800-1200 allowed for farming in areas that weren’t normally suitable for farming

19. Agriculture Paves the Way • Horses plow 3x the land in a day as a team of oxen • Improved harness that fitted around the horses chest, enabled the pulling of a plow. • Axes: Clear forests for new fields • 3-field system: 2/3 used for farming, 1/3 lay fallow (rested) for a year, so land would not be overused. • Result: food production increased. Better nutrition, resist disease and live longer. Population grows dramatically

20. The Guilds • An organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members

21. The Guilds • First Guilds: Merchant guilds: Banded together to control the number of goods being traded and to keep prices up. • Provided security in trading and reduced loss • Craft Guilds: (Artisans) • Set standards: Quality of work, wages, and working conditions • Plans for supervised training of new workers

22. The Guilds • Trade spreads throughout the world • Became powerful forces in medieval economy • The wealth accumulated helped them establish influence over the government and the economy of towns and cities

23. Commercial Revolution • Expansion of trade and business • Most trade took place in towns • Fairs would be held several times a year (Religious festivals) • Trade routes spread across Europe

24. Commercial Revolution • Traders move from fair to fair: Problem: Different types of currency at each fair as well as carrying around large amounts of cash or credit • Solution: Letters of credit between merchants eliminated the need to carry large amounts of cash • Trading firms and associations formed to offer this solution

25. Commercial Revolution • New markets and opportunities • First: Merchants had to purchase goods from distant places • Had to borrow money, but the Church forbade Christians from lending money at interest, sin called Usury • Church relaxed: Christians enter banking industry

26. Commercial Revolution • Effects of the Commercial Revolution: • 1. What people did to earn a living • 2. Where they lived • Towns attracted workers. Towns Cities • Cities differ from villages

27. The Revival of Learning • Contact with Muslims and Byzantine expands Cause Crusades • Contact brings new interest in learning

28. The Revival of Learning • 1100s Christian scholars from Europe visit Muslim libraries in Spain • Jewish scholars translate Arabic versions of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers into Latin • Increase in new body of knowledge (Mathematics, science, philosophy, law) • Crusades bring Muslim technology (Ships, navigation, weapons)

29. The Revival of Learning • The University: referred to a group of scholars meeting wherever they could • Arose in Paris and Bologna, Italy first

30. The Revival of Learning • Thomas Aquinas: Argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument • Summa Theologicae: Influenced by Aristotle, combined ancient Greek thought with the Christian thought of his time.

31. The Revival of Learning • Vernacular: The everyday language of the homeland. • Most scholars were writing in Latin and most of the general public could not read or write Latin • Dante Alighieri: The Divine Comedy in Italian • Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales in English • Christine de Pisan: The Book of the City of Ladies in French

32. Capetian Dynasty Rules France • Hugh Capet: Duke from France • Capet Family ruled a small territory: Paris • Beginning: Capetian dynasty- French Kings (987-1328) • Increased territory of France

33. Capetian Dynasty Rules France • Philip II (Philip Augustus): Ruled from 1180-1223 • Augustus Latin word meaning “Majestic,” Military conquest • Seized Normandy from King John in 1204 • Tripled land under direct control • Wanted stronger central Gov’t • Est. Royal officials, called Bailiffs

34. Capetian Dynasty Rules France • Philip’s grandson: Louis IX, ruled from 1226-1270 • Pious and Saintly • Catholic Church • Created a French Appeals courtoverturn local courts • Strengthened Monarchy/weakened________

35. Germany and Otto the Great • Otto I (Otto the Great): Crowned king 936 • Formed close alliance w/ Church • To Limit nobles’ strength-help from Clergy • Build power-support of the bishops and abbots • 962: Invades Italy on Pope’s behalf • Crowned Emperor: Roman Empire of the German NationHoly Roman Empire: Strongest in Europe until 1100

36. Medieval Spain’s Unique Development • 1. What are the Visigoths responsible for? • 2. Explain what happened in 711AD and what does it mean that Spain was put on two tracks? • 3. What did Christian kings do when Muslim power would wane? • 4. What might happen when Muslim power was reestablished? • 5. Explain the position of Christians within Muslim Spain • 6. What were reasons that Cordoba was a magnificent city? • 7. Explain the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa and its significance. • 8. Explain the Inquisition and what happened to those that might be suspected of Heresy.

37. Italian City-States • 1. Why was Medieval Italy different from England and France? • 2. Why was Italy much more urban and commercial? • 3. What groups tried to take over Italy and why did they all fail? • 4. What were communes and how did they arise? • 5. How did Venice become an international trading powerhouse? explain • 6. How did Milan prosper? • 7. What was Milan’s greatest manufacturing product(s)? • 8. What happened in Naples from the late 800’s to 1194? • 9. Who was Charles Anjou and what was the Angevin dynasty responsible for? • 10. What was Robert the Wise responsible for and what marked the end of the Neopolitan prosperity?

38. Famine and Plague • Great Famine 1315-1316- Across Europe food was scarceForage for roots and eat horses, cats, dogs, etc • Mortality: 20% of population • Harvest improves in 1317-1318, but famine continues throughout the century.

39. Famine and Plague • Plague: Began in Asia • 1/3 of population die: Bubonic Plague • Ripped society apart • Name: Blackish or purplish spots on the skin • Comes to Europe: Genoese merchant ships • Followed Trade routes: Through Europe and North Africa • 4 years to reach almost all of Europe • 25 million Europeans and many more millions in Africa and Asia

40. Famine and Plague • Effects of the Plague: • Manorial System crumbles • Town population fell • Trade declined. Prices rose • The serfs left the manor in search of better wages • Nobles fiercely resisted peasant demands for higher wages, causing peasant revolts in Throughout Europe. • Jews were falsely blamed for bringing on the plague. • Church suffered a loss of prestige when its prayers failed to stop the onslaught of the bubonic plague and priests abandoned their duties

41. Church Divided • 1305: Philip IV of France persuades College of Cardinals to chose a French archbishop as the new pope • Clement V: Moves from Rome city of Avignon in France • Popes would lived there: 69 years

42. Church Divided • Weakened church: Avignon • 1378: Pope Gregory Xi died while visiting Rome • Pope Urban VI: Chosen by cardinals • Second Pope elected few months later • Robert of Geneva: Clement VII

43. Church Divided • 2 Popes • Excommunicated rival • French Pope: Avignon • Italian Pope: Rome • Great Schism

44. Church Divided • 1414: Council of Constance • 3 popes: Avignon, Rome, Pisa (Elected by earlier council) • All 3 resign: Holy Roman Emperor • 1417: New Pope: Martin V: Schism ends: Papacy weakened

45. Church Divided • John Wycliffe: Preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church • Offended: Worldliness and wealth of clergy • Belief: Own no land or wealth • Taught: Bible alone final authority for Christian life NOT the Pope • English Translation of the New Testament of the Bible

46. 100 years’ War • England and France battled on French soil for just over a century • The century of war between England and France marked the end of medieval Europe’s society

47. 100 year’s War • Englands: Edward IIIGrandson of Philip IV: Claimed the right to the French throne • War for the throne: 1337-1453 • Victory passed back and forth • 1421-1453: French drive English out entirely (Calais)

48. 100 years’ War • Style of war changes • England: Longbow • Battle of Crecy: English outnumbered 3:1 • Longbow: Victorious over French crossbowmen and knights • Knights: Unhorsed and lay helpless in their heavy armor • Longbow spelled doom for the heavily armored medieval knight

49. 100 years’ War • 1420: French and English signed a treaty stating that Henry V would inherit the French Crown. • 1429: Joan of Arc moved by God to rescue France from the English. • Believed she heard voices from the Saints urging her to drive the English from France. • Goal: To crown Frances true king: Charles VII, son of Charles VI

50. 100 Years’ War • 1429: Joan led the French army into battle at a fort city near Orleans. • French began to retreat, but Joan and a few soldiers charged back toward the fort. • The entire French army stormed after her and the siege of Orleans was broken • Joan of Arc guided them to victory • English capture Joan of Arc shortly after the victory and the church condemned her as a witch and a heretic because of her claim to hear voices and she was burned at the stake on May 30, 1431.