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Understanding Plants: Structure, Adaptations, and Reproduction

Plants are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that primarily photosynthesize and have cell walls. Evolving from green algae, they adapted from aquatic environments to terrestrial life, developing roots to absorb nutrients and shoots to harness sunlight. Their vascular system moves water and nutrients between roots and shoots. Key adaptations include cuticles to retain moisture, stomata for gas exchange, and various reproductive strategies including pollination and seed dispersal. This overview explores plant classification from bryophytes to angiosperms and their essential life processes.

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Understanding Plants: Structure, Adaptations, and Reproduction

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  1. What is a plant??? • Organism that is: • Multicellular • Eukaryote • Autotrophic • Has Cell wall • Photosynthesizes

  2. Plants evolved from Green Algae Brainstorm with a neighbor: What are differences between algae and plants?

  3. Challenges from life in water to life on land • Obtain resources from BOTH air and soil • Roots: below ground and absorb nutrients and water • Shoots: above ground and convert sunlight and CO2 to energy • Vascular system: moves water and nutrients between roots and shoots.

  4. SHOOTS ROOTS

  5. Challenges from life in water to life on land • Remaining upright and not falling over • Lignin: chemical that hardens the cell wall to give strength and support to plants.

  6. Challenges from life in water to life on land • Maintaining Moisture • Cuticle: Lipid, waxy covering that prevents water evaporation • Stomata: Pores on underside of leaf that regulates water and gas exchange • Guard cells: open and close the stomata

  7. Hole = stomata Cells around hole = guard cells

  8. Challenges from life in water to life on land • Reproduction on land • Need ways to prevent seeds from drying and ways to disperse

  9. BRYOPHYTES • Moss • Lack lignin and are considered non vascular plants • Require water to reproduce because gametes have flagella

  10. Pteridophytes • First group of plants to have vascular tissue (lignin) • Able to grow taller now • Ferns, horse tails • Reproduce through spores on underside of leaf and no longer dependent on water

  11. Gymnosperms • First seed bearing plants • Naked seeds because they are not surrounded by fruit. • Conifers and needle leaf trees

  12. Pollen cone • Male reproductive structure • Pollen grains • Male gamete, adapted to dry environment and transport through wind. • Pine cone • Female reproductive structure • Seeds • Plant embryo packaged with food supply inside a protective coat.

  13. ANGIOSPERM • Flowering plants • Fruit: Ripened ovary used to protect seeds and disperse them.

  14. Parts of a Flower • Petals • Brightly colored to attract pollinators • Stamen • Male reproductive structure • Anther: holds pollen • Male gamete • Filament: holds up anther.

  15. Parts of a Flower • Carpel • Female reproductive structure • stigma: sticky to catch pollen • Style: long tube that connects stigma and ovary • Ovary: holds ovules (eggs)

  16. How do Plants Reproduce? • Pollination • Rely on animals to transport pollen from male to female reproductive structure. • Brightly colored petals attract pollinators • Double Fertilization: • When pollen travels down style it splits into 2 sperm cells • 1 fertilizes the ovule to create seed • Other creates food supply

  17. Seed Dispersion • Once pollination has occurred seeds need to spread to allow for new plant growth • Burrs can stick to animals and move • Fruit can be eaten and then the core thrown • Some seeds need to be completely digested in order to grow. • Water currents and wind.

  18. Annuals: • Go through a complete life cycle in one year. basil Baby blue eyes Merigolds tomato

  19. biennials • Takes two years to complete the life cycle. English daisy

  20. Perennials • Take several years to complete their life cycle. agave Cat tails Baby’s breath

  21. Roots • Found underground • Anchor plant • Hold soil in place • Absorb water and nutrients.

  22. Types of Roots • Fibrous Roots • SEVERAL THIN BRANCHING ROOTS

  23. Types of Roots • Fibrous • Tap roots • Long root to anchor plant • Several small horizontal root hairs.

  24. SHOOTS • STEM • LOCATION OF LIGNIN • XYLEM AND PHLOEM TO MOVE WATER AND NUTRIENTS THROUGH PLANT.

  25. Leaf • Location of photosynthesis • 2 parts • Petiole • Blade

  26. Types of Tissue in Plants • Dermal Tissue • Acts as a protective barrier for the plant. • Secretes the cuticle. • Outer most layer of tissue.

  27. Vascular Tissue • Contains lignin to give support. • XYLEM: transport water and nutrients from roots to shoots • Transpiration is the evaporation of water through leaves that drives the process

  28. Vascular Tissue • . • PHLOEM: transports sugars due to diffusion (high concentration to low concentration).

  29. Ground tissue • Tissue found between dermal and vascular tissue. • Most abundant tissue type • Location of photosynthesis

  30. Primary growth • Growth upwards and downwards in height. • Occurs at root caps and buds in plants.

  31. Secondary growth • Growth in width outwards. • Adds new xylem and phloem. • Every 2 rings = 1 year of growth for tree rings.

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