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Cartography

Cartography for Human Geography

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Cartography

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  1. Maps How do geographers look at the world? How do geographers map the world around them?

  2. Cartography Cartography is the science of creating maps. “Carto” means paper and “graphy” means writing. The science and practice of map making is paper-writing. The first maps were created thousands of years ago and have since become elaborate technological wonders.

  3. Why do geographers use maps? Geographers use maps to display more than just locations and shapes. Maps can display social data such as whether a carbonated product is either “soda” or “pop.” Type into Google a search for “soda vs. pop” and view the results. This leads us to the genres and types of maps…

  4. Genres of Maps • There are two major genres of maps • Reference • Used to identify locations and places and their geographical features • Example: Topographic maps, road maps, regional maps • Thematic • Used to show space, patterns, distribution, movement, and relative location • Example: Map showing elk migrations across Canada, map identifying income levels, soda vs. pop

  5. Mental Maps and Activity Spaces • Right now you have a map in your mind of how to get to the nearest shopping mall, or how to get to your friend’s house, or how to get to school. These maps are called mental maps. • These places (malls, houses, schools) are activity spaces. Activity spaces are places we perform our day to day activities.

  6. How to Read a Map • The skill of reading a map is not something we are born with. • You must understand the characteristics of most maps: • Title (Name for the map) • Key/Legend (Explanatory table of symbols) • Orientation/Compass (Identifies cardinal directions) • Scale (the unit and size of measurement on the map) • Credited sources (source of data) • Purpose (why is the map important?)

  7. Scale • Scale is an important part of any map. Scale dictates how much detail should be placed on a small piece of paper. • There are three different types of scales • Graphical scale- • Fractional scale (representative fraction) ex. 1:10,000 • Verbal scale- “One inch equals 1,000 miles”

  8. Latitude and Longitude Locating Places on Earth

  9. Latitude Equator Places located north of the Equator have a north latitude(N) address. Places located south of the Equator have a south latitude(S) address. Latitude lines run east to west but measure distances north and south of the Equator (0°). Also called parallels. The Equator splits the Earth into the northern and southern hemispheres.

  10. Longitude Prime Meridian (0°) Places located east of the Prime Meridian have an east longitude (E) address. Places located west of the Prime Meridian have a west longitude (W) address. Longitude lines run north to south but measure distances west to east of the Prime Meridian (0°). Also called meridians. The Prime Meridian and the 180° line split the Earth into eastern and western hemispheres.

  11. Longitude Prime Meridian Globe Latitude Equator

  12. Hemispheres Equator Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

  13. Hemispheres Prime Meridian Western Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere

  14. Coordinates • Coordinates provide the absolute location of a specific reference point. • Coordinates are written with latitude first then longitude. • Coordinates are labeled based on a point’s location in the N, S, E, or W hemispheres. • The grid of latitude and longitude is broken down into degrees°, minutes’, and seconds’’. • There are many ways to present coordinates: • Degrees, minutes, and seconds 65° 24' 12.1674", 8° 10' 26.508" • Degrees and decimal minutes 65 24.2028, 8 10.4418 • Decimal degrees 65.40338, 8.17403

  15. Longitude Prime Meridian Application Latitude Equator New York City Coordinates: 41°8′44″N 73°59′42″W Beijing Coordinates: 39.9100° N 116.4000° E Sydney Coordinates: -33.86148, 151.20548

  16. Assignment At this time pause this lesson and return to the Moodle and complete the Coordinate AssignmentReturn to the lesson when completed

  17. Telling Time • Longitude is an important tool used to calculate time because the Earth (a sphere) is broken into 360° of longitude. • We let every 15° of longitude equal one time zone and we end up with 24 time zones, or, one for each hour of an Earth day. • An international committee declared Greenwich, England as the master reference time for all of Earth. This is called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

  18. Telling Time Continued Greenwich Mean Time (GMT or UTC) International Date Line • When you cross the International Date Line (follows 180° longitude for the most part) you either go back one day (moving eastward) or forward one day (moving westward). • This means it can be 10am on Tuesday in Honolulu, Hawaii while at the same time it is 6am on Wednesday in Sydney, Australia. • Some countries have elected to move either east or west of the date line. See the following map:

  19. Review • Cartography is the science of making maps • There are two genres of maps: reference and thematic • Mental maps are parts of the world you memorize to live in your activity spaces • Most maps have six essential characteristics • Most maps use a coordinate grid system of latitude and longitude (N, S, E, W hemispheres) • The Earth is divided into 24 time zones around the Prime Meridian (Greenwich Mean Time) and the 180° longitude (International Date Line).

  20. Vocabulary Cartography Reference Maps Thematic Maps Mental Maps Activity Spaces Characteristics of Maps Latitude Parallels Equator Hemispheres Longitude Meridians Prime Meridian Coordinates Time Zones Greenwich Mean Time (UTC) International Date Line

  21. Lesson 1.02 Image LinksSorted by Slide Title Maps: Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1794_Samuel_Dunn_Wall_Map_of_the_World_in_Hemispheres_-_Geographicus_-_World2-dunn-1794.jpg Scale: Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_scale_-_8km,_5mi.png Latitude and Longitude:Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Globe_Atlantic.svg Latitude:Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Latitude_lines.svg Longitude:Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Longitude_(PSF).png Globe:Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CIA_Political_World_Map_2002.jpg Hemispheres:Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CIA_Political_World_Map_2002.jpg Hemispheres 2:Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CIA_Political_World_Map_2002.jpg Application:Image: Public Domain- http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CIA_Political_World_Map_2002.jpg Telling Time Continued: Image- Public Domain: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_time_zones_of_the_world.png

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