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Types of Cardiovascular Disease and Associated Risks

Types of Cardiovascular Disease and Associated Risks. Jill Birnbaum, State Advocacy Consultant, National Center, American Heart Association. About the American Heart Association.

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Types of Cardiovascular Disease and Associated Risks

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  1. Types of Cardiovascular Disease and Associated Risks Jill Birnbaum, State Advocacy Consultant, National Center, American Heart Association

  2. About the American Heart Association • The American Heart Association is a not-for-profit, voluntary health organization funded by private contributions. Our mission is to reduce disability and death from cardiovascular diseases and stroke. • Preventing heart disease and stroke is — and always has been — our first priority. We’ve funded about $2 billion in heart and blood vessel research since 1949. Nearly 30 percent of our yearly expenses supports research.

  3. A complete version of this update is available on our Web site, www.americanheart.org/statistics Click on “Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics — 2006 Update”

  4. Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) 71.3 million Americans have some type of CVD (~1 in 3 adult men & women) High Blood Pressure………...65,000,000 Coronary Heart Disease…….13,200,000 Heart Attack…7,200,000 Chest Pain…...6,500,000 Heart Failure…….5,000,000 Stroke…………………………...5,500,000 Congenital Heart Disease……1,000,000+

  5. Leading Causes of Death for All Males and Females United States: 2003* Deaths in Thousands A Total CVD B Cancer C Accidents D Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases E Diabetes Mellitus F Alzheimer’s Disease Source: CDC/NCHS and NHLBI. *Preliminary

  6. Deaths From Diseases of the Heart* United States: 1900–2003* Source: CDC/NCHS. *Preliminary.

  7. 426,772 male deaths per year 483,842 female deaths per year Cardiovascular Disease is an Equal Opportunity Employer

  8. 0 Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Trends for Males and Females United States: 1979-2003* Source: CDC/NCHS. * Preliminary

  9. Cardiovascular Diseases • Coronary heart disease • Stroke • High blood pressure • Heart failure • Congenital cardiovascular defects

  10. 0.4% 0.5% Coronary Heart Disease Stroke Heart Failure High Blood Pressure Diseases of the Arteries Congenital Cardiovascular Defects Rheumatic Fever/Rheumatic Heart Disease Other Heart Failure Source: CDC/NCHS and NHLBI. *Preliminary Percentage Breakdown of Deaths From Cardiovascular Diseases United States:2003*

  11. Coronary Heart Disease • Acute myocardial infarction • Other acute ischemic (coronary) heart disease • Angina pectoris • Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease • All other forms of chronic ischemic heart disease

  12. Coronary Artery Disease • Results from blocked arteries that feed the heart muscle. Complete blockage will lead to a heart attack.

  13. Heart Attack Death of, or damage to, part of the heart muscle due to an insufficient blood supply. Medical term is myocardial infarction (MI)

  14. Incidence • This year an estimated 1,200,000 Americans will have a new or recurrent coronary attack. • 700,000 will have a new coronary attack. • 500,000 will have a recurrent attack. • It is estimated that an additional 175,000 silent first heart attacks occur each year. • About every 26 seconds an American will suffer a coronary event, and about every minute someone will die from one. • About 40 percent of the people who experience a coronary attack in a given year will die from it.

  15. Annual Number of Americans Having Diagnosed Heart Attack by Age and Sex ARIC: 1987-2000 Source: Extrapolated from rates in the NHLBI’s ARIC surveillance study, 1987-2000. These data don’t include silent MIs.

  16. Warning Signs of a Heart Attack • Chest discomfort – most attacks have discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or goes away and comes back. Can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain • Discomfort in other areas of the upper body – can include pain in one or both arms, back, neck, jaw or stomach • Shortness of breath – may occur with or without chest discomfort • Other signs – may include breaking out in cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness Heart attack is a medical emergency – call 9-1-1

  17. Major Risk Factors for Heart Attack • Heredity (including race) • Male Sex • Increasing Age Those that can’t be changed:

  18. Major Risk Factors for Heart Attack Those that can be controlled, treated or modified: • Tobacco Smoke • High Blood Pressure • High Blood Cholesterol Levels • Physical Inactivity • Obesity and Overweight • Diabetes Mellitus

  19. Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death • It’s the sudden, abrupt loss of heart function (i.e., cardiac arrest) in a person who may or may not have diagnosed heart disease. The time and mode of death are unexpected. • Arrhythmias are disorders of the regular rhythmic beating of the heart. • About 330,000 people a year in the USA die of coronary heart disease (CHD) either without reaching the hospital or in the emergency room. Not all of these are sudden deaths, but many are. In fact, some estimates show that almost ½ of all deaths from CHD are sudden cardiac deaths.

  20. Heart Failure • Chronic heart failure (CHF) is epidemic in the United States • It is estimated that 5 million Americans currently have CHF (2003) with 550,000 new cases added each year. • Five-year survival of CHF patients is less than 50%. • There are several suggested reasons for the increasing burden of CHF in the U.S. population, including improved survival after acute myocardial infarction results in more patients with damaged myocardium who are prone to developing CHF.

  21. Prevalence of Heart Failure by Age and Sex NHANES: 1999-2002 Source: CDC/NCHS and NHLBI.

  22. Hospital Discharges for Heart Failure by Sex United States: 1979-2003 Note: Hospital discharges include people discharged alive and dead. Source: National Hospital Discharge Survey, CDC/NCHS and NHLBI.

  23. Stroke On average, someone in the United States suffers a stroke every 45 seconds; every 3 minutes someone dies of one. 700,000 new/recurrent strokes in 2003.

  24. Stroke Happens when a blood vessel inthe brain bursts or is blocked by a blood clot or some other particle

  25. Sometimes a part of a blood vessel can “balloon out” (called an aneurysm) and burst. This causes a hemorrhagic stroke.

  26. If a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, an ischemic stroke occurs

  27. Aftermath • Stroke is the leading cause of serious, long-term disability • The length of time to recover from a stroke depends on its severity. • Between 50 and 70 percent of stroke survivors regain functional independence, but 15 to 30 percent are permanently disabled, and 20 percent require institutional care at three months after onset. • 14% of those who survive a stroke will have another one within one year

  28. Prevalence of Stroke by Age and Sex NHANES: 1999-2002 Source: CDC/NCHS and NHLBI.

  29. Warning Signs of Stroke • Sudden weakness or numbness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body • Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding • Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes • Sudden, severe headaches with no known cause • Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination STROKE IS A MEDICAL EMERGENCY – CALL 9-1-1

  30. Risk Factors for Stroke Those that can’t be changed: • Age • Prior stroke or heart attack • Family history and ethnicity

  31. Risk Factors for Stroke Those that can be controlled, treated or modified: • High blood pressure • Cigarette smoking • Diabetes mellitus • Carotid or other artery disease • Heart disease • Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) • High red blood cell count • Sickle cell anemia • Atrial fibrillation • High blood cholesterol

  32. Blood Pressure The force created by the heart as it pumps blood into the arteries and through the circulatory system. High Blood Pressure Chronic increase in blood pressure above its normal range (less than 140/90 mm Hg in adults).

  33. Impact • Nearly one in three adults has HBP. • The prevalence of hypertension in blacks in the United States is among the highest in the world. • Listed as a primary or contributing cause of death in about 277,000 deaths in 2003. • The estimated direct and indirect cost for HBP in 2006 is $63.5 billion.

  34. Prevalence of High Blood Pressure in Americans by Age and Sex NHANES: 1999-2002 Source: CDC/NCHS and NHLBI.

  35. Congenital Heart and Blood Vessel Defects • Congenital cardiovascular defects, also known as congenital heart defects, are structural problems arising from abnormal formation of the heart or major blood vessels • At least 15 distinct types of congenital defects are recognized, with many additional anatomic variations.

  36. Impact • About 1 million Americans have a congenital cardiovascular defect. • 9.0 defects per 1,000 live births are expected, or 36,000 babies per year in the United States. • Congenital cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of infant death from birth defects; one in three infants who die from a birth defect have a heart defect.

  37. Peripheral Arterial Disease • Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the legs is due to atherosclerosis causing narrowing or obstruction in the major arteries serving the lower limbs. • Affects about 8 million Americans and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. • Affects 12 to 20 percent of Americans 65 years of age or older. • People with PAD have impaired function and quality of life.

  38. Cost of Cardiovascular Disease • The estimated direct and indirect cost of CVD for 2006 is $403.1 billion. • In 2001, $11.6 billion was paid to Medicare beneficiaries for CHD • $11,201 per discharge for acute MI • $11,308 per discharge for coronary atherosclerosis • $3,513 per discharge for other ischemic heart disease).

  39. Cost of Cardiovascular Disease • The 15 most costly medical conditions and the estimated percent increase in total healthcare spending for each condition from 1987–2000, by order of rank, and their percentage impact on health care spending (Health Affairs. Aug. 25, 2004): • heart disease (1) +8.06 percent • hypertension (5) +4.24 percent • cerebrovascular disease (7) +3.52 percent • diabetes (9) +2.37 percent • kidney disease (15) +1.03 percent

  40. 160 142.5 140 120 100 Billions of Dollars 63.5 80 57.9 60 29.6 40 20 0 Stroke Heart Failure Hypertensive Disease Coronary Heart Disease Estimated Direct and Indirect Costs of Major Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke United States: 2006 Source: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2006 Update.

  41. Hospital Discharges for Cardiovascular Diseases as First Listed Diagnosis United States: 1970-2003 Note: Hospital discharges include people discharged both alive and dead. Source: CDC/NCHS and NHLBI.

  42. Trends in Cardiovascular Operations and Procedures United States: 1979-2003 Note: Inpatient procedures only. Source: CDC/NCHS and NHLBI.

  43. Additional Information Jill Birnbaum State Advocacy Consultant jill.birnbaum@heart.org 952-278-3643

  44. & Q A Questions?

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