IV. Prosperity and American Business

1. IV. Prosperity and American Business • A. The business cycle – the boom and bust cycles that our economy goes through for various reasons.

2. B. Three Revolutions in Business • 1. Scientific Management – hiring individuals to analyze the production process • - Middle manager, white collar workers

3. 2. Advertising and Marketing • - Convincing Americans into buying what they want not what they need. • - Advertising becomes a major part of a business budget. • - Unfortunately much of this consumption is going to be bought on credit.

4. 3. Growth of the Automobile - Henry Ford’s goal – create a cheap form of transportation – Model T Henry Ford 1863-1947 From 1908 to 1927 more than half of the cars sold in the U.S. were Ford’s. He built his first successful gasoline engine in 1893 and first automobile in 1896

5. The Ford assembly line • Ford’s key invention was the assembly line • where conveyors brought parts to workers. - Pace of work was now set by machines

6. Effects of the Assembly Line • #1- cut costs: in 1907 a car cost $2,100 by 1924 $290 • #2- Greater profits due to mass production. • #3- Pays labor a wage of $5 a day compared with $3. • #4- Monotonous Work – Boring - unskilled labor

7. To lower the price, Ford and his executives tried new ways to reduce production costs. For example, the company created an assembly line method in which conveyor belts brought automobile parts to workers. Each worker performed a particular task, such as adding or tightening a part. This system helped reduce the assembly time of a Ford automobile from about 121/2 worker-hours to about 11/2 worker-hours. Ford Motor Company began to produce its own parts instead of buying them from independent suppliers at a higher price. Ford also shipped automobile parts, rather than assembled automobiles, to market areas, where assembly plants put the parts together. Parts cost less to ship than whole automobiles did. In addition, the company began to make its own glass and steel. Society in the 1920’s

8. Effects of the Automobile • #5 - Increased investment in related industries. From raw materials to service stations. • #6- Exponential Growth of the Suburbs • #7- Driving becomes a leisure activity.

9. V. Rise of Organized Crime • A. Definition • 1. Groups of individuals who fight to gain control over the illegal but highly profitable trade in liquor. • 2. They must first establish the source of bootlegged booze, secure their customers, fight over their territories and eliminate their competition.

10. Organized Crime • 3. Al Capone of Chicago becomes the model of success in bootlegging. • To be profitable in this new underworld you need a few things • - Establish the fine art of intimidation. • - Have police and judges in your pocket. • - A good body guard.

11. Organized Crime Dion O’Bannion Johnny Torrio Bugs Moran Earl Weiss Al Capone In 1924, O'Bannion was killed by Johnny Torrio's men and Moran became second in command behind Earl Weiss. On January 25, 1925 Weiss and Moran tried to kill Johnny Torrio, but just before Moran could kill him execution-style, Moran's gun misfired and, lacking any further ammo, a furious Moran had to back down. The now-terrified Torrio decided to retire and handed his operation over to Al Capone.

12. Organized Crime 4. Eliot Ness – U.S. treasury Agent that brings Capone to justice on tax evasion charges. Al Capone – Mug shot after being Brought in on tax evasion.

13. Organized Crime Phil D'Andrea, Capone's bodyguard and constant companion. He was caught trying to bring a gun into the courtroom during Capone's trial. Louis Clementi (left), a Capone gunman,and friend Philip Mangano.

14. Organized Crime Chicago Tribune headline after Capone's conviction on October 17, 1931. The trial was covered in magazines and newspapers all over the country.

15. 5. As the violence becomes more intense serious talk of repeal of the 18th Amendment begin. The 21st amendment will be passed in 1933. The St. Valentine's Day Massacre is the name given to the shooting of seven people as part of a conflict between criminal gangs in Chicago on February 14, 1929. Bodies of St. Valentine's Day Massacre victims being removed from the garage at 2122 North Clark Street where they were shot.

16. VI. Standard of Living • A. Definition • 1. The necessities and luxuries a group enjoys in a given historical period. • 2. Standard of Living and incomes increased for many people in the 1920’s. Employment figures 1920-1940

17. B. Those left out of the prosperity 1. Farmers – efficiency leads to lower crop prices. A quiet depression has already emerged in farming. 2. Coal Mining – as new sources of fuel present themselves, The need for miners lessens.

18. Social Issues 1920’s 3. Klan membership reaches its height in the 1927. The Klan sees opportunity to zone in on America’s fears of foreign influence. Besides African Americans, those of the Jewish faith and recent immigrants were terrorized.

19. Time for a Pop Quiz!

20. C. A clash of cultures • 1. A new morality versus traditional values. • 2. The new morality glorified youth and personal freedom. • 3. This frightened fundamentalists who felt the country was losing its traditional values.

21. Social Issues 1920’s 4. This growing divide is illustrated in the Scopes “monkey” trial which tested the teaching of evolution in public classrooms.

22. Scopes Trial • Teacher John Scopes was arrested after violating the Butler Act in Tennessee that stated - teaching any theory that goes against the divine story of creation was illegal. • Referred to as the monkey trial. • Evolution v. Creationism • 5. After 8 days of trail Scopes was found guilty and fined $100. This further reinforced the national divide.

23. D. Pop Culture 1920’s • Increase in leisure activities in the 1920’s • 1. Increase in wages • 2. Decrease in workday • 3. Availability of Credit In 1927, the talkies arrived in Hollywood. Many studio bosses were deeply sceptical of the new technology, including Charlie Chaplin. He was fiercely opposed to adding sound to his movies, believing that it would compromise his art form. He once said of sound movies, "Words can defeat the imagination.

24. All Wet Baloney Heebie Jeebies Cat’s Pajamas Flat Tire Ossified Keen Pinched Gam Giggle Water Glad Rags Handcuff Hoofer Mistaken Nonsense The creeps It is great or wonderful Boring Person Drunk Attractive or Appealing Arrested Woman’s Leg Alcohol Nice clothes Engagement Ring A dancer Pop Culture 1920’s - Slang

26. Pop Culture 1920’s The Jazz Singer was the first talking motion picture. It starred Al Jolson and was about a young man trying to make it as a singer.

27. Steamboat Willie

28. Academy Awards

29. Pop Culture 1920’s • The Jazz Age • Most popular music of the time. A mix of slave rhythms of the past. • Spoke to the rebellion of youth. • Went beyond the social norms. • “Satchmo” – Louis Armstrong

30. Other Artists Duke Ellington 13 Grammy Awards 9 while he was alive George Gershwin Rhapsody in Blue Bessie Smith Empress of the Blues

31. Pop Culture 1920’sThe Charleston was the most popular dance fad.

32. George Herman Ruth, 1895—1948, American baseball player, considered by many the greatest of all baseball players Pop Culture 1920’sThe spectator sports of baseball and boxing become extremely popular. Jack Dempsey held the heavyweight-boxing title from 1919 through 1923, he lost to Gene Tunney in 1926. In 1927, Dempsey and Tunney fought an epic grudge match watched by more than 150,000 spectators at Soldier Field in Chicago.

33. The “Black” Sox

34. Popular CultureThe participatory sports of golf and tennis become affordable.

35. The heroes of the time embraced the attitude of pushing the limits Gertrude Ederle Set the record for swimming across the English Channel Harry Houdini – Famous Escape Artist Charles Lindbergh – Completed the first transatlantic flight from NY to Paris.

36. Pop Culture 1920’s • Flappers' behavior was considered outlandish at the time and redefined women's roles. The image of flappers were young women who went to jazz clubs at night where they danced provocatively, smoked cigarettes through long holders, and dated freely, perhaps indiscriminately. They rode bicycles, drove cars, and openly drank alcohol, a defiant act in the American period of Prohibition. The Flapper – Clara Bow – The “It girl”