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Understanding Research Methods in Psychology: Hypotheses, Variables, and Experimental Design

Chapter 2 delves into the scientific foundation of psychology, emphasizing its status as a social science. It outlines the essential research methods including hypotheses, observation, and experimentation. Key terms such as experiment, placebo, thesis, and hypothesis are clarified. An example is provided on contagious yawning, showcasing independent and dependent variables. The distinction between experimental and control groups is discussed along with various research methods including laboratory studies, field studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation, building a comprehensive understanding of psychological research.

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Understanding Research Methods in Psychology: Hypotheses, Variables, and Experimental Design

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  1. Chapter 2 Research

  2. Psychology is a Social Science • Hypotheses, observation, testing, and experimentation are used. SAME as science • Exceptions to a generalization do not necessarily negate the hypothesis. Human behavior is complex. DIFFERENT

  3. Research Terms • Experiment: a specific type of scientific study used to determine if one variable has a casual effect upon another variable. • Placebo: a medicine with no active ingredients works by the power of suggestion. • Thesis: statement or question to study. Looks at psychological principle • Hypothesis: a statement of the results that the experimenter expects. Prediction

  4. Example • Thesis question: Is yawning contagious? • Hypothesis: If one person yawns in class, then others will repeat this behavior

  5. Variables: factors that change in an experiment. Independent Variable: the factor the researcher changes or varies in a study. (If) Dependent Variable: the factor that will change as a result of what the other factor does. (Then)

  6. Independent Variable: Yawn prompt Dependent Variable: other’s behavior (yawn or no yawn)

  7. Experimental group: the group on which the critical part (variable introduced) of the experiment is performed. Control group: the group that does not participate (no variable) in the critical part of the experiment.

  8. Control Group: Classroom with no yawn prompt Experimental Group: Classroom with yawn prompt

  9. Laboratory study Field study Survey method Naturalistic observation Interview Case study Psychological test Longitudinal Cross-sectional Methods of Research (p.41) Experiment: Bi-lateral Transfer

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