The Struggle to Control North America

1. The Struggle to Control North America ~Review~

2. Topics in Chapter 4 - The topics discussed in chapter 4 are: • Continuing conflict between French and English. (Wars fought/Fur Trade) • Struggle to control the Atlantic • Acadia and Deportation • Final Struggle for N.A. – Three-pronged attack. • French Reaction to Attack – (Biography on Generals) • British Military Rule & Alternatives open to British • Proclamation 1763 & Quebec Act

3. Important Terms - Migratory – Biculturalism – Treaty – Louisbourg – League of Augsburg – Spanish Succession – Austrian Succession – Seven Years War - Trading Forts/Ports

4. WAR continues Between 1688 and 1763 a series of wars were fought between France and Britain. • These wars were fought in Europe and N.America • These wars had effects in Europe and N.America • Each war was settled with a. Peace Treaty.

5. 1. War of the League of Augsburg (1688-97) • Back story: Leading up to the War of League of Augsburg (9 year war), King Louis XIV of France had emerged European wars as the most powerful monarch in Western Europe and conquered far-reaching territories. Many European countries were worried about France’s aggressive power and decided to join together to form the “Grand Alliance” to stop French expansion. • N.American War: King William’s War • Peace Treaty: Peace of Ryswick • Result: End to British-French Hostilities

6. 2. War of Spanish Succession (1702-13) • Back Story: Similar to the “War of the League of Augsburg” the Spanish Succession was fought between two main groups or alliances. France and Spain Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic andPortugal. The war fought in N.America was called Queen Anne’s War • Reason for War:Unification of France and Spain (Disturb the Balance of Power)

7. 2. War of Spanish Succession (1702-13) Result: Treaty of Utrecht • The French lost • Couldn’t join together with Spain. • Lost territories of Hudson’s Bay Company • French lost claims in Newfoundland and Acadia • Iroquois declared British Subjects

8. 3. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48) • Back Story: The King of Hungary died leaving his empire under the control of daughter. France and Prussia felt a women was unable to rule over the empire use this as pretext to attack and expand their empire. This war involved most European countries and was fought in Europe and N. America. Louisbourg was captured by the English.

9. 3. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48) Reason for War – • French/Prussiawanted to expand their empire in Europe. • English/Holly Empire: Limit French control and power in Europe. Results: Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle • Things returned to how things were before the war • The French Fortress and strong hold was returned to France.

10. 4. Seven Years’ War (1756-63) • Back Story: • This is a war that put Prussia/Britain against France and the Holy Empire and is the 4th colonial war that happened between France and Britain: • It was an Imperial War • This war was fought on both continents. • The war fought in N.America is called the French and Indian Wars • French and Native Allies vs British

11. 4. Seven Years’ War (1756-63) Results – (Treaty of Paris): • The French lost their colonies in N.America • The British were established as the dominant power in North America. • This war made little differences of the expansion of empires within Europe. • Seven Years’ War ended France’s position as a major colonial power in N.America • Prussia rose to become a strong European power in Europe gaining control of Austrian provinces.

12. 4. Participants in ‘Seven Year War’ All the participants of the Seven Years' War. Blue: Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal with allies. Green: France, Spain, Austria, Russia, Sweden with allies.

13. British and French Conflicts in North America (1689-1763) The colonial wars between France and Britain were fought in two areas in N. America: • Control of the Fur Trade • Struggle to control the Atlantic (Louisbourg, Halifax, and Acadia)

14. Struggle to Control the Fur Trade British System • Established forts on the Hudson Bay and waited for the natives to come to them and deliver furs. • HBC was owned by many groups of people; they shared risk and profit. Their main goal was profit. French System • Using native guides they explored further and further inland searching for new fur territory. • Fur trade was owned by the government and colonization not profit was most important. *

15. Cultural Exchange ~ Think/Pair/Share - Good or Bad ~ In groups of two, read the section titled “Cultural Exchange” on page 62. This is an example of cultural exchange. • Make a list of the positive and negative impacts of cultural exchange • Describe why a piece of native American culture was lost?

16. France: Protecting the Fur Trade France tried to protect the fur trade in two ways. 1. Military Action 2. Expansion Inland

17. France’s Military Action Taking military action against the British • The French used military means to try and take control of the Hudson Bay during the League of Augsburg and Spanish Succession. The French lost these wars and lost all territories in the Hudson bay giving full control to the British. • The French were forced to travel overland to continue in the fur trade.

18. France’s Expansion Inland • The French expanded west and south into the Ohio and Mississippi valleys down to the golf of Mexico. Looking at the map and your reading on pg 63, what advantage did this give the French in the fur trade. (Groups of 2 – 3 mins)

19. France’s Expansion Inland (Pt.2) • Established trading forts/ports inland, closer to the Native people. The French came to the natives to collect the furs, instead of the natives going to the Europeans. • The native people began taking their furs pelts to the inland French forts rather than traveling long distances to the Hudson Bay. • British fur trade suffered – the HBC sent two fur traders west (Alberta/Saskatchewan) to convince the natives to trade with the Hudson bay, but failed because it was easier for the natives to trade with the French.

20. Day 2 – Louisburg and Trouble with Acadia Topics Discussed: 1. Control of the Atlantic Ocean a. Louisbourg b. Halifax 2. Expelsion of the Acadians

21. Louisbourg – French Fortress • In attempted to protect the fur trade and reaction to losing Acadia and Newfoundland during the Spanish Succession the French built a massive fortress to protect their fishing and fur trade interests. • Louisbourg became the centre of France’s military power and commerce in New France. • Was thought to be impossible to break into.

22. Louisbourg – French Fortress Louisbourg was a: • Fishing Station • Royal Capital • A Naval base • Centre for Commerce Louisbourg was weak because: • Surrounded by hills • Poorly constructed • It was captured twice by the British

23. Halifax – British Fortress • The British saw the construction of Louisbourg as a direct threat against the British colonies in N.America. • The British built a fortress in Halifax (near Louisbourg) to protect British interests on the Atlantic coast.

24. Think/Pair/Share Read page 64-66 (Louisbourg- Halifax); with a partner make a list of how Louisbourg and Halifax were different from one another

25. War of Spanish Succession After the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-13) the treaty of Utrecht (1713) gave Newfoundland and Acadia to the British. By this time, Acadia been passed back and forth between the French and English 6 times. The people living in Acadia were French speaking Catholics.

26. Different Points of View English • Refused to take an Oath of Allegiance • Population was increasing dramatically • Were worried the Acadians would turn against the British • Britain and France were preparing for war with each other – which side would the Acadians go on? Acadians • They had never taken an Oat of Allegiance in the past 40 years. • They wanted to stay neutral

27. Think/Pair/Share – Acadia Quanundrum In small groups decide what Governor Lawrence should do with the Acadians. Use the decision-making model shown on pg.67 and fill it out on a separate piece of paper. • Issue • Alternatives • Research Plan • Gather/Organize Information • Evaluate the alternatives • Make Decisions – Take Action • Evaluate the Process, the decision and Action

28. Deportation of Acadians The British asked the Acadians again to take an Oath of Allegiance to the British or they would be deported. They refused and the British began to deport them from their lands. They were taken to the 13 colonies and Louisiana. There homes were burnt and their property and land was confiscated. Many people died during the deportation.

29. Day 4: Final Struggle for North America • Seven Year War • British and French war strategies. • British 3 pronged attack on New France

30. Seven Year War • The British deported the Acadians because they knew war was approaching with the French (deportation-1755/ Seven Year War-1756). • This war had an enormous effect on the history of N. America.

31. British & French Military Strategy British • The British wanted to defeat the French in N. America. • They sent 7-8 times more men than the French. • Planned to attack the French on 3 fronts: Louisbourg, the Ohio Valley, and Quebec French • The French kept most of their soldiers in Europe and few soldiers in N. America. • The French wanted to defeat Britain in Europe. • They thought a few soldiers would be able to defend New France

32. Three Pronged Attack - • The Capture of Louisbourg (Summer of 1758) • The British needed to capture Louisbourg in order to gain control of the entrance to the St. Lawrence. • The British sent 200 battle ships and the fortress was taken within 60 days

33. Three Pronged Attack - • The Capture of Ohio Valley (Summer of 1758) • The French had many fur forts in the Ohio valley and the British would need to reduce their influence in this region in order to gain control of N. America. • The French were successful at defending the Ohio Valley but with the fall of Louisbourg British forces were able to capture this region and push the French back towards Quebec.

34. Three Pronged Attack - 3. The Capture of Quebec (Spring of 1759) • Since the British captured Louisbourg, Quebec was the centre of French power in N. America. • The fall of Quebec would mean the end of French control in N. America. • General James Wolfe sailed down the St. Lawrence river while other troops came overland from the south. • After three months of no success at capturing Quebec, Wolfe decided to cut off their supplies from the North.

35. French Reaction – The Last Stand In September 1759, the General Montcalm (French General)learns that British troops are poorly organized and are in a vulnerable position on Plains of Abraham. The general had three options: • Keep his army in Quebec and wait for an attack. • Send word to the rest of his army to attack the British from behind. • Attack immediately, with the men he had.

36. French Reaction – The Last Stand Battle of the Plains of Abraham • Montcalm chose the 3rd option and decided to attack the British soldiers on the Plains of Abraham (an open field). • The British troops were used to this style of battle (open area). • The French troops were used to fighting in the forest, not in open fields – Guerilla Warfare. • They French were disorganized and lost the battle within an hour. • Surviving soldiers retreated to the city of Montreal.

37. ASSIGNMENT In groups of 4 it will be your responsibility to summarize one of the following sections. You’ll need to complete your summary on a single piece of paper and hand into the teacher. Students will also write their answers in point form on the board and present to the class. • General Montcalm • General James Wolfe • Life of the Canadiens • Introduction & Treaty of Paris • Alternatives Open to the British

38. Battle on the Plains of Abraham Guerilla warfare How are these two war styles different?

39. Day 4 – Military Rule

40. Retreat to Montreal • The British won the Battle on the Plains of Abraham, thus defeating the French in their strongest military city. • The remaining soldiers retreated to Montreal and tried to retake Quebec city in the Spring of 1760 and failed. • The first ship to arrive from Europe was British • Montreal eventually surrendered to the British soldiers, giving the British full control on North America.

41. Louis-Joseph, Marquis de MontcalmLeader of the French army in Quebec • The French forces heard that the British army was planning a surprise attack on Quebec City. • Montcalm was in charge of deciding what was best to do. Some of his men were 16km away where they had thought the British were going to attack. • Montcalm had to make the decision: • Should he keep his army within the fortified (protected) town of Quebec and wait for the British attack? • Should he send word to the men 16km away to attack the British from behind? • Should he attack immediately with the men he has on the Plains of Abraham?

42. Governor James Wolfe • British commander • He tried for 3 months to capture Quebec but continuously failed. • Because of their fighting strategies, the British were finally successful and managed to take over Quebec during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham • Wolfe’s army was successful because they were very disciplined and they knew how to fight in an open field rather than guerilla style which was what the French were used to.

43. British Military Rule • Who were the British and French Generals who died in the war we spoke about last class? Who won the war? • Although the war ended in North America in 1760, it continued in other places of the world until 1763. • During those three years, who controlled North America?

44. The French speaking people, born in New France were called Canadiens. • They were different from the French people living in Europe. • The British government set up a temporary government. This period was known as the time of British Military Rule. Their ruling was not a harsh occupation. Although, Canadiens were a bit scared of being forced to sign an oath of allegiance with the British or being deported like the Acadians.

45. The Treaty of Paris (Peace Treaty 1763) Results of the Treaty: • Economic problems were restored as the British began to pay for goods with coins. • The military courts began to use French civil law { controls the private rights of citizens (like property arguments) instead of criminal law} • They agreed that the French would not be deported. • The Roman Catholic religion was kept. • The Seigneurial system was also restored.

46. Choices the British had to make: • Deportation: Force the Canadiens to leave Quebec (what happened to the Acadians). • Maintain the status-quo: allow French to keep their system of doing things. • Isolation: Create separate territories for people to live on. • Assimilate: make the French and Natives British subjects by forcing their laws, customs, language, and religion on them. • Biculturalism: Allow British and French ways of doing things.

47. Day 5 – The Proclamation of 1763 and Quebec Act

48. The Proclamation of 1763 After the signing British and French signed the Treaty of Pair s, the English created a proclamation which outlines what they intended to do with Quebec. This was known as the Proclamation of 1763. The Proclamation stated: • It made British institutions, laws, customs, English language, and protestant religion enforced in Quebec. • It sought to attract British settlers to Quebec. • They wanted to limit the size of Quebec andstop French fur traders. • Assure Native people they could still fur trade in the Ohio Valley.

49. The Proclamation of 1763 Key Terms of Proclamation – Settlement Patterns – Settlement in the Ohio Valley were forbidden. Only fur traders with permits were allowed. Language – French language was allowed to continue, but it didn’t have official status. Religion – Roman Catholic religion was allowed to continue but the Church had no official status and couldn’t collect taxes; Protestant religion was introduced and promoted. Government – Officials were appointed by British governor and were made up of English-speaking military and merchants elites. Catholics were not allowed to participate in government

50. Think/Pair/Share – The Proclamation of 1763 Looking at the Proclamation of 1763 – and the 5 alternatives on page 80. Which alternative do you think the British chose? Write your answer down on a piece of paper and explain why? • Deportation • Maintain the Status Quo • Isolation • Assimilation • Biculturalism