“What an absolute monarch would say?”

1. “What an absolute monarch would say?” Explain to your partner why England was the only major European nation to not have an absolute monarchy. Fill in the blank for your teammate, The Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, the ????

2. “What Thomas Hobbes would say about man.” “What John Locke would say about man.” “What someone who believes in laissez faire economics would say.”

3. The Estate System • Estate = social Classes • First Estate – Clergy • Wealth & privilege (bishops & abbots) • Church owned 10% of the land, collected tithes, no taxes • Nuns, monks, and priests – ran schools, hospitals, & orphanages • Condemned the Enlightenment • Second Estate – Nobility • Top jobs in the government, army, courts, and the church • No taxes • Third Estate – majority of the population • Bourgeoisie – middle class • Lawyers, doctors, journalists, professors, • rural peasants = poor, increase in bread prices = possible starvation • TAXES! • Enlightenment encouraged 3rd Estate to question the current system

4. Think, Pair, Share Do you believe the United States currently has a struggle between economic classes? Why or why not?

5. Financial Troubles • Deficit Spending – government spends more money than it takes in • Louis XIV left France in debt (7 years war/American Rev.) • Govt. borrowed more money. ½ of money from taxes went to pay interest on the country’s debt • Bad harvests cause foot prices to increase • Jacques Necker – financial advisor to Louis XVI suggested taxing the 1st and 2nd estate, clergy and nobles forced the king to fire him • Estates General • Legislative body consisting of representatives from each of the 3 estates • French King hadn’t called the Estates General in the last 175 years • List of grievances = class resentment • “bloodsuckers of the nation who drink the tears of the unfortunate from goblets of gold” • “vampires pumping the last drop of blood” • “20 million must live on half of the wealth of France while the clergy…devour the other half”

6. Without using your notes, explain to your partner 2 reasons why France was having economic problems. “What a member of the 3rd estate might say about members of the 1st or 2nd estate”

7. Voting issues • Each estate had one vote (1st and 2nd Estate ) • Or vote “by head” (3rd Estate ) • 3rd Estate creates the National Assembly, reform minded nobles and clergy join, Louis XVI accepts it • Bastille Day • Similar to our Independence Day • Rumor that royal troops were going to occupy Paris, 800 citizens storm the Bastille in search of weapons • Section 2 • Phases of the French Revolution • National Assembly 1789-1791 Moderate phase • 1792-1794 Reign of Terror, End of the Monarchy • The Directory 1795-1799 • 1799-1815 Age of Napoleon

8. Each of you will be given 30 seconds to create a drawing representing the voting problems of the Estates General for the 3rd estate. After 30 seconds are up, explain what you created and why.

9. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the citizen • Modeled after the Declaration of Independence • Natural Rights – “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression” (Locke/Amer. Rev.) • Government exists to protect the natural rights of citizens • All male citizens equal before the law, equal right to hold public office, Freedom of religion, and taxes based on ability to pay • Did not grant equal citizen to women • Later in the revolution women could be imprisoned or executed for expressing their resistance • Women • 6,000 women marched to the Palace at Versailles demanding to see the king • Austrian queen Marie Antoinette – lavish lifestyle while much of the country was hungry • Women refused to leave until the king returned to Paris

10. Think, Pair, Share You’re King Louis XVI or Queen Marie Antoinette, what would you do?

11. The Church • Placed under state control, bishops and priests become elected, salaried officials • Ended Papal authority, dissolved monasteries and convents • Many Bishops and Priests denied the law, the Pope condemned it, peasants rejected it • Rift between revolutionaries & peasantry • Constitution of 1791 • Limited monarchy to replace absolute monarchy • Legislative assembly – power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide issues • Lawmakers elected by tax paying males over 25 years old • Revolution over? • Louis’ attempt to flee fails. Dressed as a servant, Queen a governess • Royal family is escorted back to Paris, labeled traitors to the revolution • “French Plague” • European rulers increased border security to prevent revolutionary ideas from spreading into their nation, anti-Enlightenment • Emigres – nobles, clergy who fled France • Austria and Prussia threaten to intervene to protect the French monarchy

12. “What a member of the 3rd estate would say about the King’s palace at Versailles” “What an absolute ruler would say about the French Revolution”

13. Radicals • Currency drops in value = inflation = hoarding = food shortages • Sans-culottes • Radicals who wanted a republic –govt. ruled by elected representatives • Means “without breeches” – long trousers rather than knee breeches • Jacobins • Revolutionary political club, middle class lawyers and intellectuals • Newspapers and pamphlets • Radicals hold power in the Legislative Assembly, declare war on Austria, Prussia, Britain, (1792-1815)

14. Categories Taking turns, list members of the Enlightenment. Last one who can’t name one loses!

15. Section 3 • Tension • War going poorly, Desertions from the French Army, rumors the King is secretly supporting France’s enemies • September Massacre – Citizens attack prisons holding political prisoners, 1,200 killed • National Convention (new legislative body) • Suffrage (right to vote) extended to all male citizens, not just property owners • Abolish the monarchy – republic established • Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were both executed via the guillotine • The committee on Public Safety • 12 member committee • Absolute power, in charge of trials and executions • Taxed everyone in preparation for war • MaximilienRobspierre “the incorruptible” • Wanted to abolish slavery • Promoted religious toleration • “Liberty cannot be secured, unless criminals lose their heads.” • Reign of Terror • 300,000 arrested • 17,000 executed • Robespierre was executed • France creates its 3rd Constitution….

16. Think, Pair, Share Governor Rick Scott has agreed to allow television networks to televise the state’s execution of a death row inmate. Would you watch?

17. Section 4 • Napoleon Bonaparte • Started his military training at age 9 • “Since one must take sides, one might as well choose the side that is victorious, the side which devastates, loots, and burns. Considering the alternative, it is better to eat than to be eaten.” • Military successes against Austria, captured most of N. Italy • Used a network of spies and press censorship to minimize his failure in Egypt • 1802 – Napoleon names himself consul/emperor for life • Took the crown from the Pope & placed it on his own head • Plebiscite – popular vote by ballot • Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity • Controlled prices, encouraged new industry, built roads, canals, and schools • Made peace with the Catholic Church • Church still under state control, but recognized religious freedom for Catholics

18. Think, Pair, Share Knowing what you know about Napoleon, predict whether or not he will be good for France in the long run. Explain your answer.

19. Jobs were given based on talent • Napoleonic Code • Equality of all citizens before law, religious toleration, abolition of feudalism • Women lost most of their rights, couldn’t participate in citizenship • “a man such as I am care little for the life of a million men.” • Napoleon’s presence was valued at 40,000 troops • Annexed (incorporated) the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany. • HRE – broken into 38 states under French protection • Friend and relatives placed on conquered thrones (brother = king of Spain) • Great Britain stood alone, outside Napoleon’s grasp

20. Estates General Representatives Estates Legislative Voting Group Deficit Spending More Money Make United States Wars

21. Bastille Day Independence Weapons Violence Revolution Storm Bourgeoise French Term Middle Class 3rd Estate

22. Natural Rights Life Liberty Pursuit of Happiness John Locke Enlightenment Reign of Terror Guillotine Head Arrest Cut Prison

23. Categories Taking turns, list characteristics of the Estate System. Last one who can’t name a characteristic loses! Categories Taking turns, list characteristics of Napoleon. Last one who can’t name one loses!

24. Continental System • Closed European ports to British goods • GB’s strength was its navy (kept routes to the Americas and India open) • Failed, increased hostility toward France, prices soared as items became scarce • Invades Russia • Tsar withdraws support of the Continental System • Napoleon creates the “Grand Army” from 20 Nations, 600,000 • Scorched Earth Policy – burning crops and villages as the Russians retreated • Less than 20,000 survive • Nationalism against France spreads (Continental System, foreign oppressors) • Revolts in Spain and Austria • Guerilla attacks kept French troops thinly spread • Russia, Britain, Austria & Prussia vs. France • Napoleon steps down, exiled to the island of Elba, Louis XVIII = King of France • Emigres come back looking for revenge + economic depression = return of Napoleon • Battle of Waterloo (Belgium) – final defeat, Napoleon exiled to the island of St. Helena

25. Congress of Vienna • Restoring stability in Europe • Balance of Power, protect the system of monarchies, redrew the map of Europe • France surrounded by powerful nations • Legitimacy – restoring hereditary monarchs • Successful in keeping peace until 1914