Chapter 3

1. Chapter 3 New Empires in the Americas (1500 – 1700)

2. Chapter 3New Empires in the Americas Section 1 The Conquistadores

3. Cortés and the Aztec • Conquistadores – Spanish soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas • Moctezuma II was ruler of Aztec Empire. Aztecs greatly outnumbered Spanish, but didn’t have the weapons the Spanish had. • An Indian woman (Malintzin) advised Cortés of who were enemies of Aztecs. The enemies joined Cortés to defeat Aztecs. • Some Aztecs believed Cortes was Quetzalcoatl, their god, and gave him gifts • Hernán Cortés – conquered the Aztecs

4. Pizarro’s Conquest of the Inca • Francisco Pizarro had traveled with Balboa and heard rumors of the golden cities in South America • Pizarro kidnapped Atahualpa (the Incan ruler). Atahualpa promised gold and silver for his freedom, he delivered, but Pizarro still killed him. • Pizarro joined forces with Incan rebels and together they conquered the Incan Empire • The second great empire of the Americas had fallen

5. Conquistadores in Florida • Juan Ponce de Leóncame to the Americas to find gold and the Fountain of Youth • He reached a land he called Florida, founded a settlement there his second trip back to Florida. Later died after being wounded in a battle with American Indians • Narvaez and his crew built simple boats to sail across the Gulf of Mexico, most of them sank. • Cabeza de Vaca was one of the few survivors. He lived and worked with American Indians for 8 years. Later met with other Spanish explorers and traveled on to Mexico.

6. The Quest for Gold • Hernando de Sototraveled through present-day North Carolina, Alabama, and Mississippi • First European to cross the Mississippi River • During his travels among large, thriving cultures of American Indians, de Soto stole food and fought with many American Indian groups • Francisco Vásquez de Coronado searched for the Seven Cities of Cíbola • Successful in finding and conquering, but no gold • Angered American Indians he encountered

7. The Quest for Gold cont’d • Cabrillo sailed along coast of present day California looking for gold. He did not find the wealth, but his journey gave Spain a claim to the Pacific coast of North America

8. Chapter 3New Empires in the Americas Section 2 Spanish America

9. The Spanish Empire • Council of the Indies – formed to govern the Americas from Spain • Wrote laws, selected officials, and judged legal cases • Appointed 2 viceroys (royal governors) • Viceroyalty of Peru (included most of S. America) • Viceroyalty of New Spain (Central America, Mexico, and southern part of present-day U.S.) • Governors chose local officials • All officials had great deal of independence because of the distance between them and Spain

10. Ruling New Spain • 3 types of settlements that filled economic, religious or military roles: • Pueblos – trading posts, sometimes centers of government • Missions – started by priests to convert local American Indians to Catholicism; built around church • Presidios – military forts to protect towns and missions; many built in frontier areas (present-day Florida and Texas) • Royal Orders for New Discoveries – principal purpose for establishing new settlements was to convert American Indians to Christianity

11. The Economy of New Spain • Encomienda system – gave Spanish (encomenderos) the right to tax local American Indians or to make them work • also supposed to protect and teach; convert to Christianity • Most treated Indians like slaves – forced to grow crops, work in mines, herd cattle • Bartolome de Las Casas – spoke out against encomienda system and defended rights of natives; originally supported African slave labor, then changed his mind

12. The Economy of New Spain cont’d • In Caribbean, native resistance and disease led Spanish to begin bringing enslaved Africans to work • Slaves worked on plantations, large farms that grew one type of crop • Sugar plantations were very common • Huge profits for owners • Las Casas favored using enslaved Africans rather than American indians at first, but after seeing the harsh conditions and the slave trade grow he changed his mind

13. Expanding into the Borderlands • Most colonists lived where they could gain the most wealth, few lived in the borderlands, outer reaches of the empire – northern Mexico, Florida, and parts of present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas • Spanish government wondered if Florida was worth risk since so many explorers died there and none found wealth; changed when French settled on Florida’s east coast • Aviles founded fort of St. Augustine, first European city in North America

14. Expanding into the Borderlands (continued) • Juan de Onate – first effort to settle New Mexico • helped found the town of Santa Fe – became trade center and most important Spanish settlement in New Mexico • Settlement depended on food and labor from Pueblo; Spanish abuses led to revolt in 1660 • Popé led Pueblo to drive Spanish out of New Mexico • Spanish regained control in 1692

15. Expanding into the Borderlands (continued) • Spanish survivors of the Pueblo Revolt fled to what is now Texas. First major Spanish settlement in Texas was founded near the site of present day El Paso • Spanish built El Camino Real, “the Royal Road”, built to connect scattered communities

16. Colonial Society • Spanish Empire in the Americas – between 3 and 4 million people; American Indian = 80% of population • Spanish law divided society into classes based on birthplace and race • Peninsulares – white Spaniards born in Spain; held highest government offices • Criollos – born in Americas to Spanish parents • Mestizos – both Spanish and American Indian parents • American Indians – limited rights • Enslaved Africans – little or no legal protection • Women had fewer rights than men, but better than in most European countries…married women could own property and pass it on to their children

17. Chapter 3New Empires in the Americas Section 3 Religious and Political Changes in Europe

18. The Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther started the Protestant Reformation in Germany – religious movement that began as an effort to reform the church • Reformers became known as the Protestants because they protested the Catholic Church’s practices • Printing press helped to spread the Reformation • Confrontations between Catholics and Protestants took place all around Europe • French Protestants are Huguenots • King Henry VIII founded the Church of England (Anglican Church)

19. Conflict Between Spain and England • King Philip II used Spain’s wealth to lead Catholic Reformation against the Protestant movement • Sent troops to fight Protestants in the Netherlands • Hoped to drive Protestants out of England • Queen Elizabeth I of England – Protestant daughter of King Henry VIII; wanted peace between England’s Protestants and Catholics • To fight without going to war, used sea dogs – veteran English sailors she encouraged to raid Spanish treasure ships • Raids hurt Spanish economy • Most successful sea dog = Sir Francis Drake

20. The Spanish Armada • Fleet of approximately 130 ships and 27,000 sailors and soldiers • Sent to invade England by King Philip who wanted to overthrow Elizabeth and the Anglican Church • Problems: • Leader was a poor sailor • Drake raided supplies delaying them for several months • Even with problems, it was strong fighting force • England had small fleet of ships, so Sea dogs, merchants, and fisherman added their ships to England’s defense to even the odds • English advantages = speed, greater mobility, better cannons • English defeated Spanish Armada – Philip’s attempt to conquer England failed

21. The Decline of the Spanish Empire • Golden Age occurred as Spain’s power and wealth grew • Art became popular; many poets and playwrights • Economic problems helped to bring Spain’s Golden Age to an end • Large amounts of gold and silver from the Americas contributed to high inflation (rise in the amount of money in use and in the price of goods) • Bought cheaper goods from other countries • Weakened navy could no longer protect Spain’s empire in the Americas – leads to challenges of power by other European countries

22. Chapter 3New Empires in the Americas Section 4 The Race for Empires

23. Early French Settlement • Huguenots built first official French North American settlement in Florida • Destroyed by Spanish • Explorations of Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain had given France right to claim Canada • Acadia – included what is now Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and part of Maine – temporary settlements; small trading communities and fishing villages • Champlain founded town of Quebec in 1608 • Great Lakes region valuable because of the fur trade • Used by Europeans to make expensive hats • Traded tools, jewelry and cloth to American Indians for furs • Montreal became a center for fur trade

24. The Expansion of the French Empire • Fur traders, explorers and missionaries began spreading out from Great Lakes region • Explorer Louis Jolliet and missionary Jacques Marquette set out to find the Mississippi River; traveled down it as far as present-day Arkansas • Rene-Robert de La Salle – followed Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico • Claim Mississippi Valley for King Louis XIV of France – named Louisiana • French called new territory New France to honor King Louis XIV • Small population and value of fur trade led them to ally with the Algonquian and Huron Indians • As a result of this alliance they became enemies of the Iroquois

25. New Netherland and New Sweden • Dutch came in search of trade • Henry Hudson’s first voyage gave them claim to land between the Delaware and Hudson Rivers – New Netherland (included parts of present-day New Jersey, New York, Connecticut and Delaware) • Peter Minuit bought Manhattan from local natives – named New Amsterdam • To attract more settlers, Dutch West India Company allowed other Europeans in; practiced religious toleration (New Netherland) • Minuit helped Swedish settlers found New Sweden along the Delaware River • Swedish were among the first in North America to build log cabins • Dutch felt Swedish presence threatened Dutch land and fur trade; two sides fought, governor of New Netherland (Peter Stuyvesant) conquered New Sweden

26. English Settlements • England attempted to strengthen its claim to North America by sending expeditions to start colonies • Sir Humphrey Gilbert given charter-document giving royal permission to start a colony • failed when he drowned at sea • Sir Walter Raleigh paid for expedition that landed in present-day Virginia and North Carolina – he named area Virginia • Sent another group to start colony on Roanoke Island • Life hard, fought with local natives, trouble finding and growing food • Sir Francis Drake stopped on his way back from raid on New Spain, offered to take remaining settlers home to England

27. English Settlements (continued) • John White resettled Roanoke Colony • Granddaughter Virginia Dare was the first English child born in present-day U.S. • White returned to England at end of summer 1587; returned in 1590 • colony’s buildings still standing, but deserted • CROATAN carved into a post • May have been the name of a nearby island inhabited by Natives