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CHAPTER 4: SPECIES INTERACTIONS AND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY

CHAPTER 4: SPECIES INTERACTIONS AND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY. COMPETITION PREDATION SYMBIOSIS TROPHIC LEVELS FOOD WEBS KEYSTONE SPECIES SUCCESSION INVASIVE SPECIES BIOMES. BIG PICTURE. Organisms interact within a community They exchange energy and materials

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CHAPTER 4: SPECIES INTERACTIONS AND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY

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  1. CHAPTER 4: SPECIES INTERACTIONS AND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY • COMPETITION • PREDATION • SYMBIOSIS • TROPHIC LEVELS • FOOD WEBS • KEYSTONE SPECIES • SUCCESSION • INVASIVE SPECIES • BIOMES

  2. BIG PICTURE • Organisms interact within a community • They exchange energy and materials • They are interdependent via feeding relationships • There are primary, secondary, tertiary...feeding relationships...or, trophic levels • There are producers and consumers • Communities that experience disturbance recover via various succession mechanisms • The Earth’s terrestrial ecosystems can be placed into a set of ten biomes

  3. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: pp.78-83 • Given: some community • Species A • Species B • Interaction

  4. SPECIES INTERACTIONS: pp.78-83 • Given: some community • Species A • Species B • Interaction • Table 4.1: Effects of Species Interactions on Their Participants!

  5. SPECIES INTERACTIONS • COMPETITION • Individuals of different species compete for the same resources, within the same area, at the same time • Inter- v Intraspecific competition • Harmful to both individuals

  6. COMPETITION EXAMPLES?

  7. COMPETITION EXAMPLES? • LEAPORD v LION • HYENA v LION

  8. PREDATION • VERY GENERAL • ONE ANIMAL EATS ANOTHER • AN ANIMAL EATS A PLANT! • “Herbivory” • Predator v Prey • Beneficial v Harmful

  9. PREDATION EXAMPLES?

  10. PREDATION EXAMPLES? • LION --- GAZELLE • SNAKE --- MOUSE • FROG --- FLY

  11. SYMBIOSIS • ONE ORGANISM LIVES ON OR IN ANOTHER ORGANISM (“Host”) • PARASITISM • MUTUALISM

  12. SYMBIOSIS: PARASITISM • The parasite lives on or in the Host • It must have a stage where it can live independently... • Viruses are not “living”! • It benefits by robbing the Host of nutrition • It harms the Host via nutritional deficit, disease...but doesn’t “aim” to kill it.

  13. PARASITE EXAMPLES

  14. PARASITE EXAMPLES • Tapeworm in human gut • Fleas/ticks on dogs

  15. SYMBIOSIS: MUTUALISM • BOTH individuals benefit

  16. MUTUALISM EXAMPLES

  17. MUTUALISM EXAMPLES • E coli bacteria in our gut • Cleaner fish/ Sharks • Pollinators....REMOTE!

  18. OTHER RELATIONSHIPS • COMMENSALISM • NEUTRALISM • AMENALISM

  19. OTHER RELATIONSHIPS • COMMENSALISM • One species benefits, the other is unaffected • Palo verde trees/ Sonoran Desert • Provide shade, keep soils moist • Benefits young plants

  20. ?? NEUTRALISM • Both organisms interact but no harm or benefit is apparent • ?? AMENALISM • One organism is harmed, the other “unaffected” • Rare and hard to differentiate from competition

  21. MORE ON COMPETITION • Fundamental Niche • Realized Niche

  22. RESOURCE PARTITIONING! • Species that would normally compete divide, or “partition”, the resources they use in common to minimize competition by becoming specialists

  23. PREDATOR-PREY!

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