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Understanding Higher Order Conditioning and Emotional Responses in Classical Conditioning

This overview delves into key concepts of classical conditioning such as higher-order conditioning, overshadowing, blocking, and latent inhibition. It highlights experiments like Little Albert's and their implications on emotional responses, showcasing how fears and prejudices can be conditioned. Furthermore, it discusses counter-conditioning techniques, including systematic desensitization and flooding, as effective methods to combat phobias. This analysis integrates real-life applications of classical conditioning in advertising and how emotional associations influence consumer behavior.

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Understanding Higher Order Conditioning and Emotional Responses in Classical Conditioning

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Review from last class…. • Higher order conditioning • Overshadowing (Stimulus Features) • Blocking & Latent Inhibition (Prior Experience)

  2. second-order CS first-order CS tone (CS1) food (US) Higher Order Conditioning • Need to maintain 1st order conditioning • Tone-Food • Note that Light is still never directly paired with food! Light (CS2) But what would happen to the Tone? - Extinction! Phase 1: ToneFood Phase 2: LightTone ToneFood

  3. Overshadowing (Stimulus Features) • A more salient stimulus will interfere with learning about less salient stimuli • e.g. compound stimuli • Loud noise & dim light  food • Light not learned about

  4. Blocking (Prior Experience) • Novel stimuli presented in compound with an existing CS will not be learned about • CS must be informative (i.e. add new information) • Light won’t be learned about

  5. Latent Inhibition (Prior Experience) • Pre-exposure to a CS makes it harder to condition • Learn first that CS does not signal US MORE TRIALS! Phase 1: Buzzer  No Food Phase 2: Buzzer  Food “Regular” Classical Conditioning: Buzzer  Food

  6. Chapter 4 Pavlovian (Classical) Applications

  7. Fear

  8. Conditioned Suppression • Conditional Response (CR) involves suppress behaviour that would otherwise be performed 1) Train rat to press bar for food 2) Classical Conditioning: Pair light with shock • Scared rats “freeze” • i.e. when shock is coming, the rat will freeze • While the rat is “frozen with fear”, it will NOT be pushing the bar • After conditioning, the rat should freeze in response to the light (CR) • Compare the amount of bar pressing when light is off and when light is on

  9. Conditioned Emotional Response • Emotional reactions • Learned • Classical conditioning

  10. Little Albert • Watson & Rayner (1920) • Hard line behaviourist • Nature vs Nurture • Fear previously thought to be: • Innate • Faulty reasoning • Initial studies showed that infants NOT afraid of many “innately frightening” stimuli • E.g. snakes, fire, rats • Conditioned fear

  11. Methodology • Albert (11 months old) • Present rat … observe • No initial fear • Present rat … bang metal bar (loud noise) • UR = startle • Present rat … Albert cries, avoids • CR • Present other furry objects • generalization

  12. Terminology • US = noise • UR = startle response/fear • CS = rat • CR = fear/avoidance

  13. Conclusions • Fear response produced through classical conditioning • Watson suggests fear, hate, love conditionable

  14. Albert Issues • Sample size • Replication • Generalization to other objects

  15. Prejudice • Prejudice related to hate and fear • Hate and fear conditionable • Staats & Staats (1958) • Paired positive, negative, neutral words with nationalities • Subjects rate nationalities • Ratings correspond with conditioning

  16. In real life… • Where do these associations come from? • Political speeches • Media coverage • Negative images, words, impressions paired with identifiable group

  17. Counter Conditioning • Mary Cover Jones (1924) • Eliminate phobia via classical conditioning • Peter feared rabbits • Peter eats snack (US) … present rabbit (CS) • Associate positive US with CS

  18. Systematic Desensitization • A type of Counter-conditioning • Also Aversion therapy • Relaxation techniques • Gradual introduction of phobic stimulus • Imagination up to real situation

  19. Flooding • “Flood” patient with exposure to fear-inducing stimulus • Not counter-conditioning • Kind of like habituation but… • … not discreet trials!

  20. Advertising

  21. First-Order C.C. in Ads • Product (initially neutral --> CS) • Pair with stimulus that elicits positive emotion (US) • Consumer sees product, has positive CR

  22. Example • Sausages • US = funny situation • UR = happiness • CS = brand • CR = happiness, amusement, positive emotion

  23. Example

  24. Second-Order C.C. • Use previously conditioned celebrity, situation, etc. • CS1 & US • Now, pair brand (CS2) with CS1

  25. Example • Sprint • Peyton Manning = CS1 • Positive feeling = CR • Attractive, successful, lifestyle = US • Positive feeling = UR • Sprint mobility = CS2 • Assumption: buy phone, be rich, popular, laser rocket arm

  26. Example • Japander.com • Brad Pitt and 503 Jeans • Pitt (CS1), leading man, celebrity, rich, pretty = desirable (US), 503s (CS2) • Performance-void

  27. Problems • Celebs don’t always maintain status • Tom Cruise spoof • Michael Jackson

  28. Paraphilia

  29. Paraphilia • “Incorrect love” • Fetishism, masochism, pedophilia, etc. • More common in males • Freud: unconscious forces • Classical conditioning: association formed

  30. Example: Masochism • Generally, CS is previously neutral • But, a US, by pairing with another strong US, can become a CS • Pavlov: shock (CS) for food (US) • Masochism: pain (CS) for sexual pleasure (US)

  31. Counter Conditioning • Pair undesired CS with strongly aversive US (e.g., nausea) • Aversion therapy • Awareness not necessary for conditioning

  32. Treatment • Very difficult with some types of paraphilia • Pedophilia, rape? • Evolutionary Psychology • Male attraction to youthfulness • Desire for dominance and power

  33. Taste Aversion

  34. Typically • Long-delay or trace conditioning • US is food poisoning, illness, etc. • UR is nausea induced pain • CS is novel food/flavour • CR is avoidance, nausea • Violation of contiguity?

  35. Explanations? • Sensitization • Aftertaste • Biological preparedness • Taste aversion a special case

  36. Biological Preparedness in Taste-Aversion • Garcia & Koelling (1966)

  37. Explanation • Biological predisposition • Taste and nausea • Audiovisual and shock • Must know about CS-US relationship before predicting nature of CR • Certain stimuli more easily associated than others

  38. Immune Function

  39. Allergic Reaction • Release of histamines • Body’s immune response to allergens • Not all allergic responses biological • Can be learned

  40. Examples • Patient sneezes when presented artificial rose • Allergies to pets; sometimes not as bad if don’t know if pets are in house

  41. Russell et al. (1984) • Expose guinea pigs to BSA • Becomes allergen (US for histamine release) • Pair BSA with odour of fish or sulphur (CSs) • Expose guinea pigs to odours and get increased histamines (CR) in bloodstream • Preparatory value of classical conditioning

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