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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

This overview of psychology introduces its definition as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It outlines the primary goals: to describe, explain, predict, and control psychological phenomena. The text explores the historical foundations, from introspection to modern approaches like behaviorism and humanism, emphasizing critical thinking and research methods. It also discusses various specialty areas within psychology and the degrees available, including B.A.s, M.A.s, and PhDs. The role of psychologists in different settings and the ethical guidelines for research are also highlighted.

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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

  2. Definition & Goals • The scientific study of behavior and mental processes • What are the GOALS of Psychology ? – • Describe • Explain • Predict • Control

  3. Origins in Critical Thinking • Introspection- • Structuralism - Sensations & Perceptions • Functionalism – Adaptive Functions = Mind • Freud – Unconscious, early events • Gestalt – Perceptions -> analysis of the whole pattern • Behaviorism – Scientific, objective analysis of observable behaviors – environment shapes • Humanism - Maslow– Hierarchy of Needs

  4. How do current approaches investigate the questions we have?

  5. How do current approaches investigate the questions we have?

  6. How do current approaches investigate the questions we have?

  7. What types of degrees are there? • Bachelor’s (B.A.) or (B.S.) • Master’s of Arts (M.A.) • Master’s of Science (M.S.) • Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) • Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) • Medical Doctor (M.D.)

  8. Specialty Areas in Psychology • Social & Personality – (Clinical Psy) • Developmental – Pregnancy to Death

  9. Specialty Areas in Psychology • Experimental – Labs; learning/ experiments • Biological – Genetics/physiology

  10. Specialty Areas in Psychology • Cognitive - Information Processing • Psychometric – Measurement

  11. Specialty Areas in Psychology • Industrial/Organizational (Ergonomics) – • School – Combination of many of the above

  12. Where do Psychologists Work? • Private Practice / Therapy / Counselors – • Academic Settings/Universities Secondary Schools • Mixed othersettings – sports,forensics, HRD • Industrial

  13. How do Psychologists Answer Questions? • Survey – • Efficient but may yield bias or inaccurate info • Case Study – • In-depth info versus limited generalizability • Experiment - manipulate variables; cause & effect

  14. How do Psychologists Answer Questions? • Interviews – • Standardized Tests –

  15. How do Psychologists Answer Questions? • Lab Experiment – • Animal Model – • Naturalistic Setting –

  16. What might affect data collection? • Confounding variables – • Self-fulfilling Prophecy –

  17. What might affect data collection? • Placebo – • Pill or intervention with no true identified effects • Placebo Effect- • Change in the subject’s behavior due to the belief of being treated

  18. What is Correlational Research? • Illustrates an Association or Relationship • Perfect Positive = + 1.00 • Positive - + 0.01 to + 0.99 • Zero - 0.00 (no relationship) • Negative - - 0.01 to - 0.99 • Perfect Negative - - 1.00 ***NOT CAUSE & EFFECT ***

  19. Perfect positive correlation (+1.00) No relationship (0.00) Perfect negative correlation (-1.00) ExampleCorrelations

  20. Correlation Examples

  21. What is the Scientific Process? • Problem – • Hypothesis – • Data Collection, • Statistical Analysis, • Discussion

  22. What are Variables? • Independent Variable (IV) – What is being controlled or manipulated by the researcher • Dependent Variable (DV) - Behaviors being measured/affected by the treatment

  23. How are subjects grouped? • Experimental Group – Those who receive intervention or treatment • Control Group – No treatment group

  24. What is a Double-blind Study? • Double-blind study • ADHD Ritalin Trial (Example)

  25. What are the guidelines for human experimentation? • Code of Ethics • Approval, consent, no harm, debriefing • Role of Deception – must be justified, no impact and inform after

  26. What are the guidelines for animal experimentation? Much lower #’s than those consumed Major medical advances • Ethical & Supervised by Veterinarians

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