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Key Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease: Insights from CSHA Studies and Research Findings

This report summarizes significant risk factors for Alzheimer’s Disease derived from various studies including the CSHA case-control and cohort studies. Key findings indicate that having one or more relatives with Alzheimer’s Disease significantly increases risk (OR 2.6). Other factors include low education levels, occupational exposure to glues, head injuries, arthritis, and NSAID usage. Additionally, insights from vascular risk factors, physical activity, and demographic aspects such as age and marital status are discussed. Understanding these factors is essential for prevention and management.

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Key Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease: Insights from CSHA Studies and Research Findings

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  1. Risk Factor Studies 1991 (Case-Control) 1996 (Cohort Study)

  2. Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease(CSHA-1 Case-Control Study) OR 95% CI • One or more relatives with AD 2.6 1.5 - 4.5 • 0-6 yrs education 4.0 2.5 - 6.4 • Occupational exposure to glues 2.2 1.3 - 3.7 • Head injury1.7 0.97 - 2.8 • Arthritis 0.5 0.4 - 0.8 • Use of NSAID drugs 0.6 0.4 - 0.8 • Age of onset for smokers 80 yrs; nonsmokers 84 yrs. Source: Neurology 1994;44:2073-80

  3. Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease:CSHA-2 Cohort StudyI: Physical activity Odds ratios and 95% CI Controlling for age, sex & education. Source: Arch Neurol 2001;58:498-504

  4. Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease:CSHA-2 Cohort StudyII: Education Odds ratios and 95% CI Controlling for age and sex. Source: CMAJ 2001;165:1495-1498

  5. Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease:CSHA-2 Cohort StudyIII: Vaccinations Odds ratios and 95% CI Controlling for age, sex and education. Source: CMAJ 2001;165:1495-1498

  6. Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease:CSHA-2 Cohort StudyIV: Age Odds ratios and 95% CI Controlling for sex and education. Source: CMAJ 2001;165:1495-1498

  7. Vascular Risk Factors • Risk factors for vascular dementia include • living in a rural area or in an institution • age; low education • diabetes • depression; history of alcohol abuse • ApoE-4 • hypertension or heart problems; taking aspirin • exposure to pesticides or fertilizers • Regular exercise is protective(Hébert et al., 1995, 2000; Lindsay et al., 1997) • Most vascular risk factors are being treated (Rockwood et al., 1997)

  8. Other Risk Factors • Age, 3MS score and an informant’s report of memory problems are significant predictors of the development of dementia 5 years later (Hogan & Ebly, 2000) • Age-standardised rates of dementia are highest among unmarried people, and for those who were previously married (Kristjansson et al., 2000) • Hypertension is associated with a lower prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (OR 0.38) (Rockwood et al., 1996) • Smoking is not a risk factor for AD, but it may interact with alcohol consumption (Tyas et al., 2000)

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