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Skeletal System

Learn about the functions, types, features, development, microscopic structure, growth, repair, and organization of the skeletal system. Explore the axial and appendicular skeleton, joints, and types of movements.

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Skeletal System

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  1. Skeletal System

  2. I. Functions of the Skeleton A. Support B. Protection C. Aids in movement D. Storage of minerals E. Blood cell formation II. Types of Bones A. Long – Femur B. Short - phalanges C. Flat - sternum D. Irregular - vertebra

  3. III. Bone Features • Epiphysis – ends • Diaphysis – central shaft • Epiphyseal plate – bone growth • Medullary Cavity – space in the epiphysis, filled with yellow bone marrow (fat). • Periosteum – wraps around the bone providing blood. • Endosteum – lines cavities • Osteoblasts – forms new bone • Osteocytes – mature bone cells.

  4. Lamella • Lacuane • Canaliculi

  5. IV. Bone Development Two Types of Development A. Intramembraneous 1. Begins during the 5th week after the formation of embryonic membranes. 2. Osteoblasts from precursor cells begin to secrete mineral salts. 3. Plates of bone come together to form spongy bone. 4. Periosteum develops from surrounding membrane.

  6. B. Endochondral 1. Develop from cartilage template (Chondrocytes & collagen matrix). 2. Primary Ossification begins in the periosteum of the diaphysis, after blood vessels are present. Osteoblasts come in from blood & produce mineral salts. 3. Secondary Ossification begins to convert cartilage to bone. 4. Epiphyseal Plate (Growth plate)

  7. V. Microscopic bone structure A. Osteoblasts- present in youth of the bone. B. Osteocytes- mature bone cells. C. Osteoclasts- wonders in blood. Osteon (Haversian canal) System VI. Bone Growth A. Interstitial Growth - length B. Appositional Growth – width

  8. VII. Bone Remolding Bone tissue is recycled Areas of great stress - joints. IIX. Bone Repair A. Forms a clot. B. Blood vessels invade the clot 2-3 days after the injury. C. Produce a fibrous network, which holds the bones together and fills the space from the break. D. Osteoblasts form new bone & is finished 4-6 weeks after the break, but complete healing may take several months. D. Callus – zone of repair

  9. IX. Organization of Skeleton 206 bones in the body in the skeleton & in divided into two portions. A. Axial Skeleton 1. Bones of the Skull - 16 different bones Frontal (1) Nasal (2) Occipital Bone(1) Parietal (2) Temporal Bone(2) Maxilla (1) Zygomatic bone(2) Mandible (1) Sphenoid bone(1) Palatine Bone (2) Ethmoid (1)

  10. 2. All holes in the skull are called foramen. For nerves & blood vessels. a. Supra orbital - above the eye b. Foramen Magnum - in the occipital for the nerve cord. c. Optic foramen - in the frontal for the eyes.

  11. 3. 12 Sinuses or Cavities to moisten & warm incoming air. a. Frontal (2) b. Maxillary (2) c. Sphenoidal (2) d. Ethmoidal (6)

  12. B. Bones of the vertebrae Column 33 separate bones plus fused bones 7 Cervical vertebrate 12 Thoracic vertebrate 5 Lumbar vertebrate 5 Sacral vertebrate fused into the saccrum. 3-5 Coccygeal vertebrate fused into the coccyx.

  13. C. Bone of the Thoracic Cage 12 pairs of ribs Sternum Manubrium Body of the sternum Xiphoid process

  14. B. Appendicular Skeleton Upper Extremities A. Scapula (2) 1. Acromion Process 2. Coracoid Process 3. Spine 4. Glenoid cavity 5. Supraspinousfossa 6. Infraspinousfossa 7. Lateral border 8. Medial border

  15. B. Humerus (2) olecranonfossa C. Radius (2) D. Ulna (2) Olecranon Process E. Carpal Bones (16) F. Metacarpal (10) G. Phalanges(10) H. Clavicle (2)

  16. E. Carpal Bones (16) F. Metacarpal (10) G. Phalanges(10)

  17. C. Lower Extremities H. Pelvis (3) Ilium (1) Pubis (1) Ischium (1) Pelvic inlet Obturator foramen Acetabulum

  18. I. Femur (2) J. Patella (2) K. Tibia (2) L. Fibia (2)

  19. M. Tarsal (14) Talus Calcaneus N. Metatarsal (10) O. Phalanges (10)

  20. X. Joints/Articulation - interactions between two or more bones. 3 major types of joints A. Immovable-Synarthrosis Fibrous Joints - dense material between the bones Suture – skull (frontals) Gomphoses – teeth Syndesmoses – ligaments holding the distal end of the radius and ulna.

  21. B. Slightly movable – Amphiarthrosis Catilaginous- Fibrocartialge Pelvis ribs & cartialge

  22. C. Freely movable (Synovial Joints)-Diarthrosis Fluid (Synovial fluid) filled space (Synovial cavaty). Articular cartilage Joint cavity Joint capsule Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Bursa – not in all joints- reduces friction. Bursitis-inflammation Tendon sheath Menisci – Concave shock absorbing fibrocartialge pads

  23. 1. Plane or Gliding- two flat surfaces. Wrist & ankle 2. Hinge – one plan movement, knee & elbow 3. Pivot – rotation around a single axis, Axis & atlas 4. Saddle – right angles to each other. Ex. Thumb 5. Ball & Socket – ball at one bone end & a socket at another. shoulder & hip

  24. XI Types of movements A. Flexion - decrease in angle between 2 bones. B. Extension - increase in angle between 2 bones. Hyperextension angle past normal anatomical position. Plantar flexion - foot is position as in standing on the toes. Dorsiflexion-walking on heels

  25. C. Abduction - movement away from the midline. D. Adduction - movement towards the midline.

  26. E. Circumduction - distal limb in circular patterns. F. Rotation - movement around the central axis.

  27. G. Pronation - point palm of a hand downward. H. Supination – palm of hand upwards. I. Inversion - point sole of foot inward. J. Eversion - point sole of foot outward. K. Protraction - moving body part straight outward. L. Retraction - Body part straight back. M. Elevation – closing the mouth. N. Depression – opening the mouth. O. Excursion – side to side. P. Opposition – thumb to little finger Q. Reposition – returns the thumb

  28. XII. Bone Abnormalities A. Fractures - broken bones 1. Chipped 2. Cracked 3. All the way through B. Dislocation - displacement of a bone from its original position. C. Sprain -Tearing of the soft tissue that holds bones together at a joint. 1. Partial 2. Complete D. Strain - Stretching or tearing of muscles or tendons.

  29. E. Arthritis - inflammatory disease of the joint Over 100 different disorders that affect more than 17 million. Range from slight aches to twisted limbs. Most common are Osteoarthritis & Rheumatoid Arthritis. 1. Osteoarthritis - Degenerative joint disease (DJD) Related to wear & tear with older age. Deterioration of bones & joints. Heredity, injuries, & diet in some cases. Anti-inflammatory & pain killers to help with discomfort. Effects 85% of people over 70. Knees & hips (weight bearing joints).

  30. 2. Rheumatoid Arthritis - inflammation of connective tissue. Similar to osteoarthritis, but more serious. 3x’s more common in women then men. Develop at any age, but more common between ages 20 - 45. Destroys the boney ends of joints. Not sure of the cause, but is believed to be a result of an autoimmune disorder in response to a microorganism. Remedy - bone fusion.

  31. F. Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa shoulders & elbows are common. G. Bunions – is a bursitis that develops over the joint of the big toe.

  32. XIIV Effects of aging A. Age 30 – bone density is the highest B. After 35 – decreases - .3-.5% a year. (women maybe up to 3-5% a year)

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