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Unit I: Framework Joints

Unit I: Framework Joints. Chapter 8. JOINTS. Functional Classifications: Synarthrosis – Amphiarthrosis – Diarthrosis – Four types of structural classifications: Bony Joints Fibrous Joints Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints. Bony Joints. Synarthrosis Fused by bone

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Unit I: Framework Joints

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  1. Unit I: FrameworkJoints Chapter 8

  2. JOINTS • Functional Classifications: • Synarthrosis – • Amphiarthrosis – • Diarthrosis – • Four types of structural classifications: • Bony Joints • Fibrous Joints • Cartilaginous Joints • Synovial Joints

  3. Bony Joints • Synarthrosis • Fused by bone • Synostosis – • Examples: frontal bone and mandible of infants

  4. Fibrous Joints • Two bones united by fibrous tissue • Synarthrosis – • Three kinds of fibrous joints: • Sutures • Gomphoses • Syndesmoses

  5. Fibrous Joints Sutures • 3 types of sutures: • serrate • lap • plane

  6. Fibrous Joints Gomphoses Pegs fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments. Example: The attachment of a tooth to its socket by the periodontal ligaments.

  7. Fibrous Joints Syndesmoses • Two bones are bound by long collagen fibers • Example: Tibia and Fibula • Radius and Ulna (Amphiarthrosis)

  8. Cartilaginous Joints • Linked by cartilage • Two types: • Synchondroses – bones bound by hyaline cartilage • Synarthrosis • Example: Epiphyseal plate • Symphyses – bones joined by fibro-cartilage • Amphiarthrosis • Example: Pubic symphysis, intravertebral discs

  9. Synovial Joints • Diarthrosis • Most familiar and important joints: jaw, hip, elbow, knee • Features: • Meniscus • Bursae • Osteoarthritis

  10. Types of Synovial Joints Models of Joint Motion Examples Gliding joint • Acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints Clavicle • Intercarpal and intertarsal joints Manubrium • Vertebrocostal joints • Sacro-iliac joints Hinge joint • Elbow joints Humerus • Knee joints • Ankle joints Ulna • Interphalangeal joints Pivot joint • Atlas/axis Atlas • Proximal radio-ulnar joints Axis Condyloid/Ellipsoid joint • Radiocarpal joints • Metacarpophalangeal joints 2–5 Scaphoid bone • Metatarsophalangeal joints Ulna Radius Saddle joint • First carpometacarpal joints Metacarpal bone of thumb Trapezium Ball-and-socket joint • Shoulder joints Scapula • Hip joints Humerus Figure 8.2 6

  11. Accessory Structures Tendons – connects bones to muscle Ligaments – attaches one bone to another

  12. Foot Arches • 3 springy arches • Arches held together by short, strong ligaments

  13. Biomechanics Lever – an elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum. Rotation occurs when an effort applied to one point on the lever overcomes a resistance at some other point. fulcrum – effort – resistance –

  14. Types of Levers First Class • Fulcrum is in the middle • Atlanto-occipital joint

  15. Types of Levers Second Class • The resistance is in the middle • Mandible

  16. Types of Levers Third Class • The effort is applied in the middle • The forearm when flexing the elbow

  17. Movement of Synovial Joints Activity Using your book and this handout: Properly perform each type of synovial movement Choose an action (think outside the box) that uses that movement. E.g.: what might you be doing with that type of movement? Label which type of synovial joint would be used

  18. Movement of Synovial Joints Flexion – decreases joint angle lateral flexion Ulnar & Radial flexion Extension – straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position Hyperextension – extreme extension of a joint beyond zero position

  19. Movement of Synovial Joints Abduction – the movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline. Adduction – movement back toward the midline

  20. Movement of Synovial Joints Elevation – raises a body part superiorly Depression – lowers a body part inferiorly

  21. Movement of Synovial Joints Protraction – moving a part forward anteriorly in the horizontal plane Retraction – moving a part backward posteriorly in the horizontal plane

  22. Movement of Synovial Joints Circumduction – one end remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion.

  23. Movement of Synovial Joints Rotation – a bone spins on its longitudinal axis. Lateral (external) rotation – spin away from midline Medial (internal) rotation – spin towards the midline

  24. Movement of Synovial Joints Supination – turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward, radius is parallel to ulna. Pronation – turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward, radius crosses ulna.

  25. Movement of the Feet Dorsiflexion – elevate the toes Plantar flexion – point toes downward

  26. Movement of the Feet Inversion – tips the soles medially, somewhat facing each other Eversion – tips the soles laterally, away from each other

  27. Exam 1 • Chapters: 1, 6, 7, 8 • Fill in the blank • Multiple Choice • Matching • Short answer • True/False • Lab Practical • Lab indentification • name of bone, surface feature, right/left, cranial/facial, type of joint, male vs. female • All fill in the blank

  28. “Bones are the solid, non-living structures that hold up our bodies.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Why?

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