Proposed

1. Proposed How the Commonwealth can make Massachusetts ground zero for developing the world’s new low carbon economy. Massachusetts State House Victor Colantonio, CEO Glenn Weinreb, CTO Manhattan 2, Inc. www.Manhattan2.org

2. Experienced Citizens Mobilize to Help Planet • Manhattan 2 Founder & CEO Victor Colantonio, 72, Newton, MASerial entrepreneur, founded several technology-rich companies resulting in IPO’s. Masters Urban Planning UMass Amherst. • Manhattan 2 Founder & CTO Glenn Weinreb, 55, Cambridge, MAFounder and CEO of GW Instruments, a designer and manufacturer of data acquisition hardware and software. Designed approximately 30 commercial systems that connect processors to gadgets within a building. Bachelors Electrical Engineering MIT. • Chief Scientist Dr. Wilson, 80, Cambridge, MAAwarded Nobel Prize for discovering the Big Bang. Currently senior scientist at Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. PhD Physics Caltech. • Director of Zero Energy Architecture John Meyer, AIA, 68, Newton, MACo-founder & Principle Meyer and Meyer, award winning architectural firm. Masters Urban Studies Harvard and Masters Architecture MIT. • Director of Zero Energy Construction Francis Colantonio, 62, Holliston , MAFounder and CEO of Colantonio Construction, 23rd largest General Contractor in New England. Rebuilt MA Senate Chamber. • Chief Information Officer Anton Teodorescu, 64, Marlboro, MAFormer Venture Capitalist, IBM Corporation. Bachelors Engineering Harvard and Masters MIT Sloan.

3. Team, Continued • Director of Heating & Air Conditioning Research, Gerard Farina, 61, Charlestown, MACEO and Owner of Farina Corporation. • Gov’t Policy Advisor Professor Nicholas Ashford, Brighton, MADirector of Technology & Law Program at MIT, co-authored 100 page report on climate policy for EU. • Zero Energy Advisor Quinton Zondervan, Cambridge, MACambridge City Councilor, co-authored Net Zero Action Plan, co-founded Climate Action Business Assoc., Masters EECS MIT. • Manufacturing Advisor Steve Holtzman, Nashua, NHFounder & CEO of Colonial Electronics, an electronic manufacturing facility. • Legal and Gov’t Affairs Advisor Bill August, Cambridge, MAPrinciple Epstein and August, previously General Counsel to the MA Cable Television Division, Harvard Law School. • Tax and Accounting Advisor Nakia McCauley, Woburn, MAFounder of McCauley Associates, CPA, Masters Taxation Suffolk University.

4. Who is Manhattan 2? • Manhattan 2 is a non-profit 501c3 Massachusetts corporation that does research, development and education to create a low-carbon society. • Collaborates with universities, institutions, industry and government. • Designing 2000-square-foot test site to test and develop low-carbon technology. • Focused on six R&D goals. • Develops systems not being worked on by others, often due to a lack of interconnection standards and a lack of coordinating agencies.

5. Manhattan 2 Has Been Featured in National Media • How Electronics Can Help Tackle Climate Change, EE Times, Sept 2019 • Your Donations Can Mitigate Climate Change, EE Times, Oct 2019 • Researchers and Engineers Can Help Mitigate Climate Change, EE Times, Oct 2019 • Electricity, Energy, and Global Warming By the Numbers, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, EE Times, April 2015 • Proposed LED/wired IoT standard can reduce energy use, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Electronics Design News, Aug 2019 • Effects of climate change on Chappaquiddick, MV Times, Aug 2019 • R&D initiative looks to solve energy and climate problems, Electronics Design News, Jan 2019 • Mass Produce Smart Solar MaterialοAutomate Windows and Doors • Solar Direct to Plywood Roof & WallsοAdd Vacuum Insulation To Walls • Route Network to Windows/DoorsοEstablish a zero energy architectural program

6. Engagements • Professor Niezrecki, Head of Mechanical Engineering, UMass Lowell • Professor Julie Chen, Vice Chancellor Research, UMass Lowell • Professor Kirtley, Power Electronics Laboratory, Electrical Engineering, MIT • Professor Eggleston, Head of Civil Engineering, WPI • Professor Mahmoud, Director of Power Electronics, Electrical Engineering, WPI • Professor Gang Chen, Former Head of Mechanical Engineering, MIT • Professor Taufik, Director of Power Electronics, Electrical Engineering, Cal Poly • Professor Catherine Kim, Director of Solar Research Center, Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University • Professor Raman, Dean of Engineering, UMass Amherst • Dr. Joseph Goodman, Principle, Rocky Mountain Institute • Ed Adelman, Director of the Massachusetts State College Building Authority • Dr. David Lynch, Post Doctorial Fellow, Electrical Engineering, MIT • Martin Rowe, Senior Editor, Electronic Design News • Dr. Raanan Miller, Executive Director Electric Power Systems Center, MIT Energy Initiative, MIT • Charlotte Ancel, Director of Strategic Development, Eversource

7. What Problem are We Trying to Solve? • World CO2 emissions are increasing each year, driven by increasing world GDP and increasing world population. • CO2 stays in atmosphere for >500 years, subsequently, warming & sea level rise will continue for >500 years after halting CO2 emissions. • To avoid a 4°C increase (or 1.5°C), low CO2 infrastructure must be built at a rate that is significantly faster than what we are currently doing.

8. 72% of Greenhouse Emissions are from Energy Production • 31% of energy production is used for electricity and heat. • 15% of energy production is used for transportation. • 12% of energy production is used for manufacturing. • 11% of energy production is used for agriculture • 6% of energy production is used for forestry

9. Boston + Water + Landfill = Disaster • For 400 years, Boston has grown by filling bays and ponds with landfill, as shown to the right in orange color. • Landfill engineers only fill as required since adding "extra" soil is expensive. • According to US Gov’t NOAA’s Sea Level Rise Viewer a 5-foot rise is predicted in Boston within 65-200 years. This reduces Boston’s landmass back to the size it was 400 years ago, when the Pilgrims arrived, as illustrated by NOAA’s sea level rise website in lower-right corner. • The Commonwealth is considering a $1.3B program to build low-carbon infrastructure, such as solar panels on public library roof. • MA emits 1/500th of the world’s CO2 and therefore impacts climate change by 1/500th. • If MA could magically eliminate all of it’s CO2 emissions, NOAA’s projected sea level rise would decrease from 5.00 feet to 4.99 feet (5ft/500 reduction). • Manhattan 2’s solution is R&D to create an international low-carbon society, since the results of R&D travel to places like China, India, and Russia. We need to rethink how we spend money on “us” and instead focus on “us and them”.This is Manhattan 2.

10. PROPOSED: Manhattan 2 Defines Six Energy Infrastructure R&D GOALS • Goal #1) Direct-to-Surface Solar PV Goal (35%)Develop low cost plug-and-play standard for mounting solar PV direct to plywood roof and wall, without shingles and without side clapboards, at a cost lower than traditional non-solar surfaces. See also: EDN Article, Solar R&D Plan. • Goal #2) Next Generation Solar Farm Goal (15%)Reduce cost of solar on land via plug-and-play PV standardization and automation. See also: Slide Show, Solar R&D Plan. • Goal #3) Develop Next-Generation Building Automation and Control Systems & Standards (25%)Develop standard for attaching windows, doors, lights, ceilings and walls to network: 99.999% reliable, < $4 per node electronics, supports tree wiring, processor sleep when not in use. See also: EDN Article, Wired-IoT R&D Plan. • Goal #4) Window Thermal Cover Goal (5%)Develop low cost standard for covering windows with flat (e.g. 2" R12 XPS) or rolled motorized insulators. See also: EDN Article • Goal #5) Solar Thermal Energy Storage Goal (5%)Develop standard for storing thermal energy in a tank of H20 or block of cement, to provide heat or cold when the sun goes down. • Goal #6) Automated Drilling Goal (15%)Reduce cost of drilling into soil via automation & advanced techniques. Water circulating between 55°F soil & building reduces HVAC energy consumption significantly. See also: EDN Article​

11. PROPOSED: Manhattan 2 Builds Energy Infrastructure Research Laboratory to work on GOALS • Researchers program machines to apply solar material directly to building surfaces and onto land (solar farm), via automation. • Researchers develop components, systems, and standards that define how components connect together. • Devices are designed from scratch, starting with blank piece of paper. • $3M construction cost. • Managed by Professor Niezrecki, Head of Mechanical Engineering, UMass Lowell. Researchers from other schools can participate. • Designed and built by Manhattan 2 • House-like test laboratory Designed By John Meyer, Director of ZE Architecture, Manhattan 2

12. Manhattan 2’s Ten Year Vision • Leverage off of the Commonwealth’s greatest strength: • Universities and Research Institutions • Proven Scientific Capacity • Embedded Intellect • The Capital to Get This Job Done • The Political Will to Lead the Nation by Example • Engineers + Innovation = Climate Change Mitigation • Electrical Engineering and Computer Science • Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Engineering • Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering and Geotechnical Engineering • Architectural Studiesand Construction Engineering • Environmental Engineering and Material Science

13. Proposed: Manhattan 2 Energy Infrastructure R&D Initiative • Focus on six energy infrastructure R&D goals. • Manhattan 2 builds Energy Infrastructure Research Laboratory with $3M one-time cost plus firm-fixed fee basis, owned by Massachusetts under principle investigator from UMass Lowell. • Support research professors and students with $3M/year in funding, coordinated by Manhattan 2.

14. Goal #1) Develop Standardized Plug-and-Play System for Solar Direct to Building Surfaces, including Roof and Walls • Fig 1: Solar material involves multiple layers include glass cover, solar cells, conductors, electronics and sheet aluminum. • Fig 2: Material rolled directly onto plywood roof and wall. • Fig 3: Held in place with metal rails, shown in gray. • Fig 4: Or material is mounted onto corrugated steel panels. • See also: EDN Article, Solar R&D Plan

15. Goal #2) Develop Standardized Plug-and-Play System for Solar on Land • Large 6 x 35 foot panels stacked on back of flat-bed truck are installed on land via automation. Panels included embedded electronics. • Researchers develop mechanical, electrical, and communications standards that define how components connect together. • Companies manufacture components at low cost since they do not pay for R&D. • Companies design and manufacture automation machines since they know what to handle. • See also: Slide Show, Solar R&D Plan.

16. Goal #3) Develop Next-Generation Building Automation and Control Systems & Standards • Develop next generation standards for attaching windows, doors, lights, ceilings and walls to wired-network. • 99.999% reliable, < $4 per node electronics, supports tree wiring, processor sleep when not in use. • See also: EDN Article, Wired-IoT R&D Plan.

17. Goal #4) Every Window on Planet should have an Auto Thermal Blanket • When ceiling occupancy sensor detects room is not in use, thermal blanket deploys to significantly reduce energy loss. • Insulation rolls up in wall above each window and mates with grooves at each side. • Significantly reflects sun light, reflects thermal radiation, reduces airflow, reduces heat conduction. • Lighting had a transformational event when it decrease energy 6-fold with transition to LED’s. • Windows have not yet experienced transformational event. • Researcher change this with a standardized and low cost method to electrically connect windows to building. • See also: EDN Article, Wired-IoT R&D Plan.

18. Goal #5) Develop Solar Thermal Energy Storage Systems and Standards • Heat pump, powered by solar PV array, heats or cools liquid which is later used for space heating or cooling (e.g. 1000 gallon tank shown in photo). • This is a low cost technique for storing energy and not burning natural gas, to help achieve zero energy targets. • Researchers develop solar thermal storage components, systems, and interconnection standards.

19. Goal #6) Develop Next Generation Automated Drilling Machines • The temperature 4m underground is typically ~12°C (55°F) throughout the year. • If one embeds plastic pipe and runs water though it, they can deliver this 55°F to a heat pump that supplies heating and cooling to a building. • This is called "Ground Source Heat Pump" (GSHP) and is a common technique that reduces energy consumption 25% to 50% for both heating and cooling. • Researchers develop next generation drilling machines that embed this pipe at lower cost.

20. Plug-and-Play Technical Standards • A plug-and-play Technical Standard is a document that describes how something interacts with other things, and is defined by an official organization. • For example, the Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEEE-SA) defined the 802.11wireless standard which describes precisely how Wi-Fi devices talk to each other. • Steps to Create a Standard • Anyone creates prototypes and demonstrate devices working in a system. • Standards body (e.g. IEEE) discusses proposed standard with members (i.e. big companies in industry). • First question: “Are all materials free and open?”. If not, they almost always run away or develop something similar that is free and open. • If a standards body selects between multiple options and one is open and the other is not, members favor open. • Cal Poly, for example, makes all senior thesis material free and open via digital commons. • If members agree to build upon a proposed standard, body assembles team to rework proposal and develop official documents. • After publication, industry can manufacture products that conform to standard.

21. How Massachusetts Can Save the World • Leverage off of the Commonwealth’s greatest strength: research institutions. • Identify the brightest energy infrastructure engineers, get behind them, fund them, and get out of their way. • Develop low-carbon technology for people outside the state, and ignore 1/500th Massachusetts. • Give away for free all drawings, software and schematics; to encourage adoption, standardization, and collaboration.

22. Proposed How are we Unique? Focused on opportunities not being worked on by industry, often due to a lack of interconnection standards. Companies cannot afford to develop an official standard since they receive a tiny benefit while the world receives the rest. University researchers coordinated by Manhattan 2 (MA2) create proposed standards. Solar material, direct to building surfaces, requires multiple standards that involve communication between processors, electrical connectors, and mechanical systems. Wired internet of things (e.g. window thermal cover) requires multiple standards that involve electrical signaling, software communication, and wiring mechanics. www.Manhattan2.org

23. Energy Infrastructure Research Laboratory • Engineers start with a blank piece of paper and design each device, each system, and each appliance from scratch. Each device gets a processor and is connected to system via standardized communication. • Specifications: 2000-square-foot floor space, 2000-square-foot 30KW solar PV array, 500 gallons H20 solar thermal storage, 1000-square-foot basement with maker space, zero energy w/o burning natural gas. • Molding, drywall, doors & windows held in place with screws, allowing access to internal spaces. • Heating/Air Conditioning • Temperature control (zone) over each room. • Move air from one room to any other room. • Supports multiple HVAC systems for testing purposes. • See Also: Summary, Poster, Requirements Designed By John Meyer, Director of ZE Architecture, Manhattan 2

24. R&D Goals • Direct-to-Surface Solar PV GoalDevelop low cost plug-and-play standard for mounting solar PV direct to plywood roof and wall, without shingles and without side clapboards, at a cost lower than traditional non-solar surfaces. See also: EDN Article, Solar R&D Plan. • Develop Next-Generation Building Automation and Control Systems & Standards Develop standard for attaching windows, doors, lights, ceilings and walls to network: 99.999% reliable, < $4 per node electronics, supports tree wiring, processor sleep when not in use. See also: EDN Article, Wired-IoT R&D Plan. • Next Generation Solar Farm GoalReduce cost of solar on land via plug-and-play PV standardization and automation. See also: Slide Show… • Window Thermal Cover GoalDevelop low cost standard for covering windows with flat (e.g. 2" R12 XPS) or rolled motorized insulators. See also: EDN Article • Solar Thermal Energy Storage GoalDevelop standard for storing thermal energy in a tank of H20 or block of cement, to provide heat or cold when the sun goes down. • Automated Drilling GoalReduce cost of drilling into soil via automation & advanced techniques. Water circulating between 55°F soil & building reduces HVAC energy consumption significantly. See also: EDN Article​

25. Primary Initiatives Primary Initiatives Mass-Produce Smart Solar Material That Includes Switches/Processor (summary, details, EDN Article) Automate Installation of Solar Material Direct-to-Plywood Roof (summary, details, EDN Article) Automate Installation of Solar Material onto Corrugated Steel Panels & Frames (summary, details) Create Big Battery Borrowing System (summary, details) Extend Computer Network to Windows, Doors, Ducts & Ceiling (summary, details, EDN Article) Create Standards that Automate Windows and Doors (summary, details, EDN Article) Add Low Cost Vacuum Insulation to Walls (summary, details, EDN Article) Reduce Heating/Cooling Energy Consumption w/ Low Cost Geothermal (summary, details, EDN Article) Create Zero Energy (ZE) Architectural PhD Program (details, EDN Article) Create Universal Language for Building Devices To Communicate (details, EDN Article) Electronically Connect Architect, City, Suppliers, and Robots (details) Standardize Building System Design (details) Physically Embed Android-like Devices Everywhere (details) ​ www.Manhattan2.org

26. Mass-Produce Laminated Smart Solar Material That Includes Switches, Conductors and Processor • Every building in the world should be completely covered with solar photovoltaic material, from roof-edge to roof-edge. • MA2 engineers develop continuous factory process that manufactures solar material that includes solar cells, conductors, switches, processors, and diagnostics.

27. Smart Solar Lamination • Layers consist of solar cells, conductors, internal printed circuit boards, switches, processors, and metal backing for strength and fire protection. • The blue layer, below, is a solar cell that converts sun light to electricity. • Total thickness is 1 to 4mm (0.04 to 0.14"). Material is later placed directly onto plywood roofs or onto corrugated steel panels.

28. Complex Conductor Pattern • In this 1x4meter illustration we show one layer for aluminum conductors in the X direction (gray), one layer for conductors in the Y direction (blue), and a control/switching PCB (red).

29. 1m x 2m Solar Cell Array • Solar cells produce different voltages (e.g. 76V, 38V, 19V, 10V, etc.) that route to internal PCB; as shown in 1x2meter concept.

30. Smart Solar Produces Sinewaves • Switches on PCB produce AC and DC voltages at different voltage levels and frequencies, as required by the various components (e.g. ideal power into compressor motor might be 35Hz at 82VAC). • PCB does much of the DC to AC conversion while relying on external R/L/C filter components for cleanup.

31. Build to Order • Factory does not make the same pattern over and over again. Instead it is under computer control to assemble material as needed. • Some layers can be thought of as continuous “roll-to-roll”, yet others are inserts in-between those layers to support needed circuitry.

32. Stamping & Welding • Metal stamping machines create patterns in aluminum at low cost. • Spot welded tabs connect multiple aluminum layers

33. Mount Conductors onto Sheet of Plastic • Stamping machine creates conductors and attaches to sheet of plastic. • Process: (1) Conductors (shown in red) are pressed into the mold (green), (2) upper stem (pink) keeps conductors in mold while press (gold) retracts, (3) plastic sheet (orange) with adhesive is placed above mold, and (4) lower stem (violet) presses conductors against plastic. 

34. Design & Build Prototype Production Line • MA2 engineers design and build multiple prototype production lines that fabricate smart solar material. • MA2 engineers create sample material and accurately calculate cost. • MA2 funds prototype production lines at universities interested in automated solar (e.g. CMU, GIT, UICU, UCB, UMA, MIT).

35. Solar Mass Production • Henry Ford revolutionized transportation with mass production. • We need to do the same with solar. • This has not been done previously due to a lack of standards that define how components interconnect. • MA2 needs to create these in order to propel solar to next level. • The solar industry needs to think more like Henry Ford and less like Rolls Royce. • For details, see summaryand R&D Plan.

36. Automate Installation of Solar Direct to Plywood • Smart solar material is installed directly onto a plywood roof via Roof Robot. • Factory fabricates material, cuts strips as needed, and places them into a large shipping tube. • At the building site a truck mounted mechanical arm places tube onto a roof robot.   

37. Robot Deploys Material • Robot unrolls material. Similar in concept to analog film canister, shown lower right. • Places bead of epoxy at each seam or uses metal molding on 1x1m grid to hold in place. • If roof is 10m high by 20m wide for example, one might unroll 11 strips that are each 1m wide and 20m long. We use 11 instead of 10 to help rain water flow across overlapping joint.   

38. Robot on Moveable Truss • Shown here is an example solar panel cleaning robot which is similar in concept to our proposed system. We would need to support more weight and torque. • Wheels under robot help to support load.

39. Standard Permanent Rail System • Standardized permanent rails at roof top and roof bottom allow robots to move horizontally and vertically for purposes of installation, cleaning, and repair.   

40. Standardize Robotic Construction Vehicle (RCV) • MA2 designs a standard Robotic Construction Vehicle (RCV) that consists of a flatbed truck and a mechanical arm. • Robots attach to the end of the arm via a mechanical, electrical and software standard defined by MA2 engineers. • Multiple robots are stored on back of the truck.  • Mechanical arm moves robotsbetween truck bed and rooftruss as needed.

41. Standards Support Multiple Robots • Different robots focus on a different activities: shingle removal, prepare plywood with holes and milled surfaces, install solar material and epoxy edges, repair, and clean.   • This is similar in concept to a tool changer on a CNC machine, pictured here.

42. Standardized Ports • Roof robots install standardized metal ports in plywood that enable pipes, vents and power/control wires to transition from the internal attic to the rooftop. • To the right is an example 3cm (1") diameter pipe vent. Plywood (brown) is milled 3mm (.12 inches) for a port metal flange and also milled all-the-way-through for the 1" pipe.  

43. Walls are Important Too • MA2 devises system for attaching 1m to 2m wide rolled made-to-order material to walls androof, with overlapping joints for rain water. • 1m to 2m wide material is held in place with removable horizontal & vertical rails (gray in illustration). • Permanent rails on roof top & edge support roof robot truss (purple). • Factory removes material for windows via sheer or mill.

44. MA2 Develops Standard Mounting System For both Roof and Walls that supports Removal • Horizontal metal rail (blue) attaches to plywood (brown). • Metal pins protrude from rail (violet) & interface with solar material both above (orange) & below (red) rail. • Horizontal stainless steel cover (green) bolts to base rail (blue) via stainless steel bolts. • Material edges are affixed to roof or vertical wall via removable rails. Rain water (yellow) flows across overlapping material. • System supports installation, repair & replacement. • Similar to analog film with perforations along edges. • For details on solar mounted on plywood, click here.

45. Longevity Reduces Cost • To achieve longevity we work with stable materials. • Plastic, rubber, caulking, tar, asphalt, wood and paint are not stable over long periods of time due to ultraviolet decomposition and decay from oxidation and rot. • Glass, stainless steel, anodized aluminum and copper are materials of choice. 

46. Automate Installation of Solar Onto Steel Panels • It is a common practice to ship corrugated steel panels on a flatbed truck to a building site and then install onto a metal frame via crane, as shown here. • Smart solar material can be factory installed to outside surface of corrugated steel via adhesive. • Should be popular with commercial buildings, carports, parking lots, and houses. 

47. Great Payback Period Due to Automation • The additional cost of adding smart solar material is estimated at $106 per square meter for material above corrugated steel (this does not include cost of electronics below panel). • If one sells the electricity from this square meter to the grid, they can pay for this addition in 5 years. • Why are these numbers so good? Factory mass production. 

48. Solar Backyard • This 15x12m (40x50ft, 180m2) 24kW solar array partially covers the back yard. • This might look strange at first blush yet 20 years from now fossil fuels will likely be much more expensive. • A homeowner with several electric cars might sleep soundly knowing they have a 24kW back yard.

49. Solar Carport • A large two car garage has a surface area of 53 square meters, and this could be covered with solar onto plywood or onto corrugated steel panel. • Electricity could be used to support driving a Tesla 3 car for 180km (112miles) each day.

50. Automated Installation • MA2 engineers develop a Robotic Construction Vehicle (RCV) to install precast footings and framing material. • Different standardized robots attach to the end of the mechanical arm, as needed. • This vehicle also assists in installing solar direct onto plywood.