L2 Grammar & Vocabulary

1. L2 Grammar & Vocabulary By Jessica Li 2013

2. Grammar ■ Paragraph I ♣ Recent studies have shown/indicated that being obese / obesity can pose a serious threat to our health. Ex. Deforestation can pose a threat to many animals’ habitats. ♣ ---, it is vital/critical/important/essential that S+ (should) +VR

3. Grammar Ex.為了安全起見，學生在做實驗時遵循老師的指導是很重要的。 For the sake of safety, it is vital/critical that students should follow their teacher’s directions/ instructions when doing an experiment. ♣ keep in shape = stay fit Ex. 規律的運動和低脂的飲食可以讓你保持好身材。 Regular exercise and low-fat food can help you keep in shape/ stay fit.

4. Grammar ♣no matter what +N Everyone is born equal no matter what races he/she belongs to. ♣no matter what method we apply/ adopt IQ test is a universally-accepted method that is often applied to evaluate a person’s intelligence.

5. Grammar ■ Paragraph 2 ♠ Our diet matters/ counts/ is important ---- Nothing matters/ counts more than your safety. ♠ the food that are potentially/ possibly damaging to our health = the food is likely to ruin our health in some way

6. Grammar ♠ absorb/take in/consumeexcessive/excess/surplus numbers---- Ex. 許多年輕人有肥胖的威脅因為他們攝取過量的油炸食物和含糖飲料。 A mass of youngsters are under threat of being obese because they absorb excessive numbers of fried food and sugary drinks.

7. Grammar ♠ Many of us sometimes absorb excessive numbers of certain nutrients, such as fat, saturated fat, sugar, and salt, which can risk our health unknowingly/ without our knowledge. She never procrastinates any work that is assigned, which enables her to keep everything on track. The thief sneaked into the house unknowingly/without our knowledge.

8. Grammar ♠label (V) 標籤化/分類為 (N)標籤 To racists, they tend to label colored people as inferior ones.

9. Grammar ■ Paragraph 3 ♥ Green, amber/yellow, and red respectively / individually represent/mean/signify --- = The lights convey different messages about the contents of food

10. Grammar ♥Basically, the more green lights we see on a package of food, the healthier that food is. EX. 你的背景知識越多， 你越能快速理解複雜的理念。 The more background knowledge you have, the more likely you are to grasp complicated ideas/concepts.

11. Grammar ♥the food is not low in those nutrients ↔ is rich/ high in Fertile soils are often rich in minerals. ♥be aware of N ↔ be unaware of N EX. 這個老人似乎專注於他的困擾， 以致於沒有察覺我的存在。(preoccupy) This old man seemed to be preoccupied with his trouble and wasn’t aware of my presence.

12. Grammar ■ Paragraph 4 ♦know at a glance = know instantly ♦ The symbols that this system uses are instantly recognizable/ can be identified easily--- The lustrous coat made the little girl instantly recognizable in the crowds.

13. Grammar ♦ In addition, it can be universally applied/ be applied to people around the world.---

14. Grammar ■ Paragraph 5 ▲ Nevertheless/ Nonetheless, there is opposition to this idea. = a lot of people oppose to this idea ▲ People in the food industry complain that this approach to food labeling is too simplistic/ simplified.

15. Grammar ▲giving exact figures ----is preferable/ more suitable. Sitting home alone is preferable to spending the night with a group of rough children. ▲Advocates /Proponentsof traffic light labeling for food counter/refute this argument by saying that simplicity is the virtue/ advantage of this system.

16. Grammar EX. Patience is virtue (美德). ▲----, lest consumers should(萬一) ignore ---- Senior students are working hard for the admission exam, lest they should have poor grades.

17. Grammar ■ Paragraph 6 ΩIn spite of the fact that/ Despite the fact that/ Although/ While not everyone --- ΩThere are times when ---- ΩWe are what we eat. = The food we consume affects our health and shape.

18. Vocabulary • pose (V) cause/ ask/ sit or stand in a particular position / pretend (N) position The graduates posed for a group photograph. The gang entered the building posing as workmen. The models adopted a relaxed pose for the camera.

19. Vocabulary 2. disturb sb↔ distract sbfromsth The continuous noise from the street _____me a lot. The continuous noise from the street _____ me from my studies. disturbed/ distracted

20. Vocabualry 3. maintain (V) make sth stay at the same level / keep sth in a good condition/ insist / keep maintain law and order (維持治安) The accused/defendant kept maintaining his innocence. They maintained that they were out of the country when the crime was committed.

21. Vocabulary His income was barely enough to maintain a family. 6. potentially (adv.) ----textbook 7. excessive (adj)=excess = surplus excessive rainfall/ drinking EX. 過度運動會對關節造成潛在傷害。 Excessive exercise will be potentially harmful to your joints.

22. Vocabulary 10. respective (a) separate respectable (a) very good respectful (a) show respect for N With a grand sum of savings, she continues to lead a _____ life after she retired. respectable

23. Vocabulary They are each recognized specialists in their ______ fields. respective You should be more ____ of others’ points of view. respectful

24. Vocabulary 11. consumer (N) consumer price index 消費者物價指數 EX. 減稅能在不景氣後增進消費者的 信心。 Tax-cuts will boost consumer confidence after the recession.

25. Vocabulary 11-1. consume (V) eat/ use energy or time Ex. The hotel was burned down. The hotel was consumed by fire. Ex. The aged woman was heart broken. The aged woman was consumed with sadness.

26. Vocabulary 11-2. consumption(N) ♣alcohol consumption ♣human consumption Ex. To prevent the risk of kidney failure, the patient has to cut down ______. alcohol consumption

27. Vocabulary Ex. The steak, which is a mix of beef and horse meat, isn’t good for ____. human consumption 11-3. time- consuming =take a lot of time Sorting the stack of clothes is a difficult and time-consuming process.

28. Vocabulary 15.Barrier (N)---textbook 16. Currently (adv)---textbook 17. opposition(N) disagreement/ the state of being different Ex. 正邪之間的對抗已延續數千年。 The opposition between good and evil has lasted for thousands of years. The Opposition 反對黨

29. Vocabulary Protest marches will be held in opposition tothe building of the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant.(核四廠) 17-1. oppose (V) oppose (to) N/Ving = be opposed to N/ Ving The board will bitterly oppose to the proposal of cutting the faculty due to the tight budget.

30. Vocabulary EX. 那些參與會議的人都全部反對無薪 假。 Those who attended the meeting were totally opposed to unpaid leave.

31. Vocabulary 18. Industry (N) ----textbook 18-1.industrious(adj)= hard working An industrious student like him will definitely achieve a lot in the future. 20. advocate (N)=proponent ---textbook opposite: opponent

32. Vocabulary 21. counter(V) refute/ oppose “That’s not what I meant,” he countered. 21-1. counter (adv) in the opposite way The government’s plan runs counter to the previous one due the strong opposition of the masses.

33. Vocabulary 20-2. counter(N) 櫃台/ opposition The employer’s association was seen as a counter to union power. → The employer’s association was in opposition to union power. 20-3. counterpart(N) the man or the thing that has the same function or position in a different place

34. Vocabulary The Foreign Minister held a talk with his Chinese counterpart. → The Foreign Minister held a talk with the Chinese Foreign Minister. 22. argument (N) reason/ intention/ disagreement---textbook There are strong arguments for and against euthanasia (安樂死).

35. Vocabulary 22-1. argue(V) for or against N The victim’s family strongly argued for death penalty.