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Chapter 13: Global Climate

Chapter 13: Global Climate. A world with many climates Climatic classification - the Köppen system The global pattern of climate. Global Temperatures. Controls on climate:.

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Chapter 13: Global Climate

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  1. Chapter 13: Global Climate • A world with many climates • Climatic classification - the Köppen system • The global pattern of climate

  2. Global Temperatures • Controls on climate: - intensity of sunshine and its variation with latitude- distribution of land and water- ocean currents- prevailing winds- location of high and low pressure areas- mountain barriers- altitude

  3. Fig. 13-1, p. 355

  4. Global Temperatures • “Bending” of isotherms near the continents • Isotherms are west to east (solar radiation) • Coldest temperatures over the interior of continents, warmest in subtropical deserts

  5. Global Precipitation • Where air is rising, expect rain. Sinking air, expect a dry climate • ITCZ produces a tremendous amount of rain • Influence of orographic uplift and rain shadows

  6. Fig. 13-2, p. 356

  7. Stepped Art Fig. 13-2, p. 356

  8. Climatic Classification - the Köppen System • Tropical moist climates - average temp. Always above 64°F. Basically no winter • Dry climates – deficient precipitation. Evaporation and transpiration greater than precipitation • Moist midlatitude climates with mild winters – warm-to-hot summers, mild winters. Ave. temps. coldest month between 64°F and 27°F • Moist midlatitude climates with severe winters – warm summers and cold winters. Ave. temps warmest month between 50°F and 27°F • Polar climates – Extremely cold winters and summers. Ave temp between 50°F in warmest month. No summer.

  9. Climatic Classification - the Köppen System • Criticized because: • Boundaries do not relate to natural boundaries in climatic zones • System implies sharp changes. In reality, they are more subtle

  10. Fig. 13-6, p. 361

  11. Stepped Art Fig. 13-6, p. 361

  12. The Global Pattern of Climate • Climate regions vary due to local effects

  13. Tropical Moist Climates (Group A) • Tropical rain forests and monsoons are included in this category. • Tropical wet (Af) • Warm all seasons • Lots of rain • N and S of equator to 15° to 25° • Rainfall greater than 59 in.

  14. Tropical Moist Climates (Group A)

  15. Tropical Moist Climates (Group A) • Tropical monsoon (Am) • Precip drops below 6 cm for one or two months • Annual precipitation amounts are similar to Af

  16. Tropical Moist Climates (Group A) • Tropical wet and dry (Aw) • Distinct dry season • Jungle can not survive • Savanna grass

  17. Dry Climates (Group B) • Arid (Bw) • Deficient precipitation • Sonoran and Mojave deserts (Rain shadow)

  18. Dry Climates (Group B) • Semiarid (BS) • Transition between arid and more humid climates

  19. Moist Subtropical Mid-latitude Climates (Group C) • Humid subtropical (CfA) • Humid and mild winters • Eastern and western Regions of most continents • Hot, muggy summers • Mild winters • Snowfall is rare

  20. Moist Subtropical Mid-latitude Climates (Group C) • Marine (CfB) • Summers are cool • Long summers • Mountains that parallel coast have effect • Clouds and drizzle

  21. Moist Subtropical Mid-latitude Climates (Group C) • Mediterranean (Cs) • Dry summers, influenced by the subtropical highs

  22. Moist Continental Climates (Group D) • Warm to cool summers, cold winters • Winters are severe (cold, snowstorms) • Controlled by large landmasses (N.H.) • Coldest month average below 27°F • Can still have trees

  23. Moist Continental Climates (Group D) • Humid continental with hot summers (Dfa) • Latitude 40°N to 50°N • Precipitation between 20 and 40 in. • Hot summers (exceed 90°F)

  24. Moist Continental Climates (Group D) • Humid continental with cool summers (Dfb) • Cooler and less humid than Dfa • Hot spells shorter • Winters long, cold windy • Large temperature range like Dfa

  25. Moist Continental Climates (Group D) • Severe winters, short summers • Only 1 month w/ mean temp > 50°F • Large temperature ranges • Precipitation is light • Boreal climate • Subpolar (Dfc)

  26. Polar Climates (Group E) • Always low temperatures • One type has at least one month above freezing…one doesn’t

  27. Polar Climates (Group E) • Polar tundra (ET) • Always low temperatures (warmest month < 50°F • Permafrost is abundant/Low precipitation amounts • Tundra vegetation (mosses, scattered wooded areas • Large temperature ranges

  28. Polar Climates (Group E) • Polar ice caps (EF) • Average temp always below freezing • No plants • Covered in snow and ice • Little precipitation • Katabatic winds present

  29. Highland Climates (Group H) • Altitude effects are similar to latitude effects

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