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Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Gene expression regulation is crucial for cells to adapt to environmental changes and optimize protein production. In E. coli, cells only produce necessary proteins, represented by the operon system. In humans, differentiated cells also finely control gene activity; housekeeping enzymes are consistently active, while specialized proteins are selectively expressed in specific cell types. Understanding these mechanisms unlocks insights into cell function, differentiation, and overall organismal development. Explore various expression control levels, including transcription factors, alternative splicing, and post-translational modifications.

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Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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  1. Regulation of Gene Expression Prokaryotic Purpose: Cells of E. coli bacteria • Allow cells to respond to changes in their environment • Only make proteins when they are needed

  2. The Operon

  3. http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/lacoperon.htmlhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/lacoperon.html

  4. Two ways to turn of genes

  5. So, what to proteins do? http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/anim_innerlife.html http://www.molecularmovies.com/movies/berry_apoptosis.html

  6. Regulation of Gene Expression Eukaryotic Purpose: Differentiated Cells of Humans • Allow cells to respond to changes in their environment • Only make proteins when they are needed • Cell differentiation for specialized structure and function

  7. The genes for “housekeeping” enzymes, such as those involved in glycolysis, are active in all metabolizing cells. In contrast, the genes for specialized proteins are turned on only in particular types of cells.In summary, the particular genes that are active in each type of differentiated cell are the source of its particular function and structure.

  8. Levels of Gene Expression Control

  9. http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/mecp2-lg.mov

  10. Levels of Gene Expression Control

  11. Transcription Factors http://www.dnai.org/a/index.html http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/p53-lg.mov

  12. http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/ppar-delta-lg.mov http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/ppar-gamma-lg.mov

  13. Levels of Gene Expression Control

  14. Alternative Splicing

  15. Levels of Gene Expression Control

  16. Post-translational control http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/proteasome-lg.mov

  17. Levels of Gene Expression Control http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120080/bio31.swf

  18. Cell-cell communication Signal Transduction http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/cellcom/ http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/Immunology/Flash/MAPK.html

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