Civil Rights Equal Rights Under the Law

2. 12 Civil Rights Equal Rights Under the Law

3. Video: The Big Picture 12 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/MaglebyBrief_Ch12_Civil_Rights_Seg1_v2.html

4. 12 Learning Objectives Explain the concept of equality and assess the rights of citizens 12.1 Compare and contrast the efforts of various groups to obtain equal protection of the law 12.2

5. 12 Learning Objectives Analyze the Supreme Court’s three-tiered approach used to evaluate discriminatory laws 12.3 Trace the evolution of voting rights and analyze the protections provided by the 1965 Voting Rights Act 12.4

6. 12 Learning Objectives Describe congressional legislation against discrimination in housing, employment, and accommodations 12.5 Evaluate the historical process of school integration and the current state of affirmative action 12.6

7. 12 Learning Objectives Assess the status of civil rights in the United States today 12.7

8. Video: The Basics 12 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg2_CivilRights_v2.html

9. Equality and Equal Rights 12.1 • How Citizenship Is Acquired and Lost • Rights of U.S. Citizens • Rights of Resident Aliens

10. Video: In Context 12.1 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg3_CivilRights_v2.html

11. How Citizenship Is Acquired and Lost Naturalization  Prior to 1865, states determined citizenship 14th Amendment definitions State or federal court (as well as the U.S. Citizens and Immigration Service) can grant U.S. citizenship Dual Citizenship Each country has its own citizenship criteria For children of U.S. citizens born abroad 12.1

12. 12.1 Table 12.1: Requirements for naturalization

13. Rights of U.S. Citizens States confer most important rights Residency requirements Rights of national citizenship Freedoms to travel petition the government vote War-time rights can be restricted 1941 Internment of Japanese-Americans 12.1

14. 12.1 Japanese American citizens during World War II

15. Rights of Resident Aliens Aliens may be expelled or detained Aliens enjoy fundamental freedoms Speech, religion, due process, etc. Aliens can be denied benefits and employment 12.1

16. 12.1 12.1Which of the following can grant U.S. citizenship? • A state court • A federal court • The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services • All of the above

17. 12.1 12.1Which of the following can grant U.S. citizenship? • A state court • A federal court • The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services • All of the above

18. The Quest for Equal Justice 12.2 • Racial Equality • Women’s Rights • Hispanics • Native Americans

19. Racial Equality Segregation and White Supremacy Slow Government Response A Turning Point 12.2

20. 12.2 Civil rights activists march in Selma

21. Women’s Rights Suffrage movement Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention 19th Amendment (1920) Civil Rights Act Gains in equal pay, rights, and benefits Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Failed to be ratified 12.2

22. 12.2 FIGURE 12.1: Percentage of Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded, by Sex

23. Hispanics Historic attitudes on immigration Often met with suspicion by natives Obstacles included laws and customs Illegal immigration Major policy issue for Mexico and the U.S. Discrimination challenges to law enforcement 12.2

24. 12.2 Illegal Immigration

25. Asian Americans Chinese Americans Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Immigration and Nationality Act (1965) Japanese Americans Early 20th c. laws against owning land, attending school Internment during WWII 12.2

26. Native Americans Forcibly moved to reservations Indian Removal Act American Indian Movement Poverty and unemployment high 12.2

27. 12.2 12.2Which of the following granted women the right to vote? • The 19th Amendment • The 14th Amendment • The Voting Rights Act • The Civil Rights Act

28. 12.2 12.2Which of the following granted women the right to vote? • The 19th Amendment • The 14th Amendment • The Voting Rights Act • The Civil Rights Act

29. Equal Protection of the Laws:What Does It Mean? 12.3 • Constitutional Classifications and Tests • 5th Amendment • “Due process” clause • 14th Amendment • “Equal protection” clause

30. Constitutional Classifications and Tests The Rational Basis Test Suspect Classifications and Strict Scrutiny Quasi-Suspect Classifications and Heightened Scrutiny 12.3

31. Constitutional Classifications and Tests Poverty and Age Sexual Orientation Fundamental Rights and Strict Scrutiny 12.3

32. 12.3 Table 12.2: Major Civil Rights Laws

33. 12.3 Same-sex marriage

34. Video: In the Real World 12.3 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg5_CivilRights_v2.html

35. 12.3 12.3All the following require a governmental burden of interest EXCEPT • Rational basis test • Strict scrutiny test • Quasi strict scrutiny test • Heightened scrutiny test

36. 12.3 12.3All the following require a governmental burden of interest EXCEPT • Rational basis test • Strict scrutiny test • Quasi strict scrutiny test • Heightened scrutiny test

37. Explore Civil Rights: Are All Forms of Discrimination the Same? 12.3 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_magleby_mpslgbp_brief10/pex/pex12.html

38. Voting Rights 12.4 • Protecting Voting Rights • The Voting Rights Act of 1965

39. Protecting Voting Rights Changes in the 1940s Increased African American political presence in cities Attitudes of Roosevelt administration and Supreme Court National Security needs Court Action Prohibition on racial gerrymandering 24th Amendment: elimination of poll tax 12.4

40. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Codified Supreme Court decisions of the 1950s Prohibition on denial of voting rights based on race or color Forbids threats or intimidation In areas of historical discrimination: Federal officials monitor elections States must get federal clearance before implementing changes to elections and districts 12.4

41. 12.4 Gerrymandering

42. 12.4 12.4Which of the following prohibits the use of a poll tax? • The Civil Rights Act • The 14th Amendment • The “due process” clause • The 24th Amendment

43. 12.4 12.4Which of the following prohibits the use of a poll tax? • The Civil Rights Act • The 14th Amendment • The “due process” clause • The 24th Amendment

44. Rights to Equal Access:Accommodations, Jobs, and Homes 12.5 • Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Places of Public Accommodation • Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Employment • The Fair Housing Act and Amendments

45. 12.5 12.5Which of the following was used by the Supreme Court in interpreting civil rights legislation? • The equal protection clause • The due process clause • The commerce clause • The necessary and proper clause

46. 12.5 12.5Which of the following was used by the Supreme Court in interpreting civil rights legislation? • The equal protection clause • The due process clause • The commerce clause • The necessary and proper clause

47. Education Rights 12.6 • The End of “Separate but Equal”: Brown v. Board of Education • From Segregation to Desegregation—But Not Yet Integration • The Affirmative Action Controversy • Reaffirming the Importance of Diversity

48. The End of “Separate but Equal”: Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. the Board of Education (1954) Decision based on 14th Amendment Instigated school desegregation Title VI enforcement authority to withhold all federal funding to schools, school districts, or states practicing discrimination 12.6

49. From Segregation to Desegregation—But Not yetIntegration Court-ordered busing De jure vs. de facto segregation 1990s: Return of school controls to States 12.6

50. 12.6 Brown v. Board of Education