Civil Rights: Equal Justice Under Law

1. Civil Rights: Equal Justice Under Law Chapter 20

2. Goals & Objectives • Diversity & Discrimination. • 14th amendment and Equal Protection. • Federal Civil Rights Laws & Affirmative Action. • American Citizenship.

3. Diversity and Discrimination • George Orwell’s: Animal Farm • Social Darwinism vs. Equality? • The concept of Equality vs. Freedom • The concept of Equality vs. Liberty • The concept of Equality vs. pursuit of happiness

4. 1984: A must read

5. Race Based Discrimination • African Americans: Slavery, Segregation, Jim Crow Laws • Native Americans: Broken Treaties, Dept. of Interior (Reservations) • Hispanic Americans: • Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, South & Central American • Refugee: def.

6. Race Based Discrimination 4. Asian Americans: --Assimilation: def. --Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 --Gentleman’s Agreement (Japan) --Bollinger Cases (2003) 5. White Males: --Affirmative Action limitations

7. Discrimination Against Women • Seneca Falls, New York: 1848, begins women’s movement • 1920: 19th amendment, Right to Vote • 1964: Civil Rights Act • 1963: Equal Pay Act • “Mommy Track” • Glass Ceiling: def

8. Equality Before the Law • Equal Protection Clause: • 14th and 5th amendments • Legal Government Discrimination Today • Affirmative Action: • Set-Aside Contracts: • Progressive Taxation: • How and Why do we Discriminate?

9. African or Black Americans • 2nd largest minority (14%) • Slavery & Indentured Servitude • 13th 14th 15th Amendments • Jim Crow & Segregation • Plessyvs Ferguson (1896) • Brown vs Board of Education (1954-1955)

10. Slavery to Jim Crow

11. Native Americans or Indians • 1500-1700’s: Wars, Disease • Appalachian Expansion & Treaty violations. • 1803 Louisiana Purchase & Treaty violations. • 1850-1890: Indian Wars • Apache Wars • Seminole Wars • 1924 Citizenship for Native Americans • 1973 Standoff at Wounded Knee (AIM)

12. Wounded Knee 1890-1973

13. Hispanics, Latinos, Mestizo, Mulatto, Chicano, Puerto Ricans, Cubans • Hispanics may be of “any” race. • Hispanics are largest minority group.

14. Mullatos & Hispanics

15. Asian Americans • Assimilation: • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 • Gentleman’s Agreement: • Fastest growing minority population • Various: cultures, religions, languages, traditions with little commonality

16. Indian Asians & Chinese Asians

17. Equality Before the Law • Reasonable Classification: Gov’t drawn distinctions between people in order to “regulate” people and human behavior. • Criminals: Gov’t may discriminate against criminals rights. • Smokers: Gov’t may tax smokers but not non-smokers. • Rational Basis Test: prevent teen pregnancies goal • Michael M. vs. Superior Court 1981 • Statutory rape: Calif. 19-20 man & 17 or under female: Male=Prison; Female=Free

18. Equality Before the Law 2. The Strict ScrutinyTest: Orr vs. Orr 1979: --Alabama Case involving alimony: Alabama awarded females only --Violates Rational Basis Test

19. Segregation in America • Jim Crow Laws: • Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896: separate-but-equal doctrine • Brown vs. Board of Education 1954: • Reverses segregation based upon race in public schools. • 1955: Brown Decision: integration: Unconstitutional court acts

20. Integration & Civil Rights • 1964 Civil Rights Laws: ends the “unconstitutional” acts of the court to integrate. • Alexander vs. Holmes County Board of Education 1969

21. De Facto: By custom or tradition or choice Private or Club License Busing: Swann vs Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Ed. 1971 De Jure: By Law—Segregation Brown vs. Board Types of Segregation

22. Classification by Sex • Classification by sex is not in and of itself unconstitutional. • Bradwell vs. Illinois 1873: Court upheld State law banning women from the practice of law. • Hoyt vs Florida 1961: Women not required to serve on juries. • Reed vs Reed 1971: Court struck down state law giving males preference over mothers in the administration of children’s estates. • U.S. vs Virginia 1996: women admitted into VMI.

23. Federal Civil Rights Laws • Civil Rights Act 1957, 1960, 1964 • Civil Rights Act 1968 • Voting Rights Act: 1965,1970,1982 • Affirmative Action • Regents of Univ. Calif. Vs. Bakke 1978 • Reverse Discrimination: define • The Michigan Cases: • Gratz vs. Bollinger • Gritter vs. Bollinger

24. Affirmative Action 1963 • All federal agencies. • All state and local governments. • Private employers who sell goods or services to the federal government. • 10% quota rule: • United Steelworkers vs. Weber 1979:companys allowed to promote non-whites with less seniority or skill. • Fullilove v Klutznick 1980: Court upheld quotas & established Set-Aside Contracts:

25. Affirmative Action & Ballot • 1996: Proposition 209: no preferential treatment to any person based upon race, sex, color, ehtnicity or national origin. • Federal District Court: ruled unconstitutional • 9th Circuit Court: overturned decision • Supreme Court: refused to hear an appeal.

26. American Citizenship • 14th amendment: Defines citizenship two ways: • 1. Jus Soli: born • 2. Jus Sanguinis: blood Native Americans citizenship 1924?

27. Rules of Naturalization • 18 years of age • Entered the country legally, lived in U.S. 5 years • File petition for naturalization • Be literate in English language (speak) • Good moral character. • Knowledge and understanding of principles of American Government • Take oath to renounce any allegiance to any foreign power and promise to support and defend the U.S. Constitution and laws of the U.S. against all enemies foreign and domestic.

28. Collective Naturalization“en masse” • Florida: 1819 • Alaska: 1867 • Louisiana: 1803 • Texas: 1845 • Collective Naturalization:

29. Loss of Citizenship • Expatriation: • Denaturalization: • Deportation:

30. Immigration Restrictions: • 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act • 1885: Immoral persons and anarchists. • 1921-1924: Immigration Acts • 1929: National Origins Act: assigned each European country a quota • 1952: Immigration & Nationality Act • 1965: Abolished quota system

31. Present Immigration Policies • Limitations: criminals, diseased, drug abusers & addicts, illiterate, mentally disturbed • Deportation: • Delmorevs Kim 2003: illegals may be jailed and held without bail or bond.

32. Present Immigration Laws • 1986: Immigration Reform and Control Act: • One-year amnesty program for illegals. • Crime to hire anyone knowingly illegal. • 1996: Illegal Immigration Restrictions Act: • Easier to deport illegals. • Penalties for smuggling: • Doubled the size of Border Control • Illegal to obtain welfare benefits.