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The Impact of Pogroms and Immigration on Jewish Life in Early 20th Century America

This chapter explores the severe challenges faced by Jewish communities in Russia due to violent pogroms, which created a dire need for refuge in the United States. Jews were forced into limited areas, barred from various professions, and lived in fear, prompting mass immigration. Upon arrival, many found themselves in steerage with overcrowded, unsanitary conditions, yet they sought opportunity and religious freedom. Discriminatory measures like the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Gentlemen’s Agreement reflected broader societal issues as immigrants sought a new start amidst turmoil in their homeland.

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The Impact of Pogroms and Immigration on Jewish Life in Early 20th Century America

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  1. Chapter 15 Section 2 People on the Move

  2. Pogrom • Violent massacres of Jews • Sweeping through Russia

  3. How did pogroms affect life for Jews in Russia? • Pogroms made life very dangerous for Russian Jews • Jews were restricted to living in certain designated areas and were denied access to many professions and trades • The U.S. offered religious freedom and an opportunity to build a new life

  4. Steerage • A large open area beneath a ship’s deck

  5. Describe conditions in the steerage section of a ship • Overcrowded • Limited toilet facilities • No privacy • Poor food • But tickets were cheap…

  6. Why do you think only steerage passengers were required to pass through Ellis Island, instead of all passengers? • To try to prevent the entry of “less desirable” foreigners into the U.S. • Those unwilling to work • The uneducated • Those with disease • Criminals

  7. Quarantine • A time of isolation to prevent the spread of disease • Immigrants had to undergo an exam-those with illnesses would be quarantined or deported

  8. Ghetto • Areas in which one ethnic group or racial group dominated • Many new immigrants chose to live near others of their ethnic group • Ghettos would strongly reflect the culture of their homeland

  9. Restrictive Covenant • Agreements among home owners no to sell real estate to certain groups of people • These would prevent several minorities from buying homes in better neighborhoods

  10. Chinese Exclusion Act • 1882 • Prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States • It did not prevent entry by those who had previously established residence in the U.S.

  11. Gentlemen’s Agreement • Not an official government document • Compromise • San Francisco schools would stop discriminating against Asian students • Japan would stop issuing passports to laborers

  12. What were the shared goals of the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Gentlemen’s Agreement? • To limit further Asian immigration into the U.S. • To keep Asians out of the American labor force

  13. Alien • Noncitizens

  14. Why did immigrants leave Mexico for the United States between 1910 and 1920? • Turmoil in their own country encouraged them to leave • More opportunity in the United States (new irrigation technology in the southwest U.S. turned deserts into fertile farmland)

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