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Snake

"Snack food and management in Nepal.

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Snake

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  1. Snake, Snake bites and its management Presenter CBAPU Bardia Presenter Laxman Upadhyaya, MSc Zoology Central Department of Zoology, TU.

  2. Try to identify the snakes: Venomous or Non-Venomous 89 spices of snakes found in nepal 26 recorded spices in bardiya national park 3400+ Presenter Laxman Upadhyaya, MSc Zoology Central Department of Zoology, TU.

  3. Try to identify the snakes: Venomous or Non-Venomous Presenter Laxman Upadhyaya, MSc Zoology Central Department of Zoology, TU.

  4. Classification of Snakes Snakes of Nepal Distribution-Terai at 100 meters right up to the high mountain regions at 4800 metersSpecies- About 90 species Family-5 1. Elapidae : Cobras, Kraits and Coral snakes 2. Viperidae : Pit vipers and pit less viper 3. Colubridae: Keelbacks, wolf snakes, kukri snakes, Cat snakes, trinket snakes 4. Boidae: Pythons and Boas 5:Typholpidae: Worm Snakes Venomous- Nineteen Types of venom: Neurotoxic, Haemotoxic and Cytotoxic Venomous snakes (Elapidae and Viparidae} Elapidae family (Neurotoxic and some have cytotoxic) Cobras: two genera and three species Kraits: 6 species Coral snake: 1 species

  5. Elapidae King Cobra – Raj Nag Monocellate Cobra, found to spit sometimes Spectacled cobra or Common Cobra

  6. Elapidae Banded Krait Common Krait ( other look alike kraits: Himalayan and Walls Krait) Black Kraits: Lesser and greater and leucistic krait

  7. 2. Viperidae (Haemaotoxic) B) Pit Vipers: 7 Species • White-lipped green pit-viper • Himalayan Pit Viper • Tibetan Pit Viper, Karan´s Pit Viper • Mountain Pit Viper •  Himalayan Habu Pit Viper • White-lipped Pit Viper •  Kramer’s Pit Viper White lipped pit viper • Pitless Vipers • Russel ‘s Viper

  8. 2. Viperidae (Haemaotoxic) Kramers pit viper Mountain Pit Viper

  9. 3. Colubridae family Red necked keelback (venomous as well as poisonous) Mildly venomous snakes: 9 species Common vine snake Common cat snake; Frostens cat snake

  10. Mildly venomous snakes of colubridae family: Ornate flying snake Common bronze back tree snake Sand snake Rainbow Snake Siebolds water snake Chekered keel back

  11. Some common non venomous snake of Colubridae family Common rat snake Kukri snakes Trinket snake Dumrellis black headed snake Buff striped keelback Wolf snakes

  12. Boidae family: Non venomous Burmese python Indian Rock python (6th supralabial touches the eye ) Red sand Boa Typhlopidae family: Non venomous Worm snake

  13. Snake Bite • Mostly belonging to low-income households who are involved in agriculture. • Worldwidely-5.5 million snakebites occur worldwide, resulting in 421,000 envenomation and 20,000 deaths. • In Nepal around 40,000 individuals are reported to be bitten by snakes each year, with nearly 3000 people dying as a result. • Snake Bite and Snake Venom • Types of Bite- Dry bite (25%) and wet bite • Venom, Mortality rate: 6 % • Protein- Hematotoxin, Neurotoxin, or Cytotoxin. • Location- on each side of the skull, behind the eye. • Composition- A combination of proteins and enzymes (Have 25 different enzymes) in the form of saliva.

  14. Cobra and krait bites

  15. Systemic features Bite mark: Double fang mark, single fang mark (If one fang is broken) and fang marks with many small other teeth marks. Some time no bite marks in case of Kraits bite. Local effects: Rapid swelling at bite site Discoloration Blister and Abscess formation formation Pain Persistent bleeding from bite marks in case of viper bite Necrosis Some times painless bite without mark and initial symptoms in case of Krait bites

  16. Discoloration Bruising Bite Mark Necrosis Local swelling Blister formation

  17. Symptoms of snake bite from neurotoxic snake • Nausea and vomiting • Abdominal pain • Weakness • Illness • Drowsinwnes (Sleepy) • Excessive salivation • Ptosis: Inability to retract upperlid • Opthalmoplegia: Double vision • Pupillary dilation: Non responsive to light • Inability to open mouth • Tongue extrusion: Inability to protrude tongue beyond incisor teeth • Brocken neck sign • Skeletal muscle weakness • Numbness around lips and mouth • Hypoxia • Paralysis of jaw and tongue • Early morning paralysis by bite of kraits often mistaken for stroke

  18. Ptosis and broken neck Excessive salivation Tongue protrusion

  19. Symptoms of snake bite from Haemotoxic snake • Intense pain • Huge swelling • Rapid pulse • Bruising • Muscle fasciculation (Shivering like movement) • Numbness • Confusion • Bleeding from gums, nose, skin, retina (eyes), inflicted wound, non clotting, bleeding to internal organs • Non healing wound, ulcers and cancers Bleeding eye Bleeding Gum Bitten hand

  20. Factor affecting snake bite toxicity

  21. Management “Do it R.I.G.H.T.” R =Reassure the patient. 70% of all snakebites are from non-venomous species. Only 20 % of bites by venomous species. I= Immobilise in the same way as a fractured limb. Use bandages or cloth to hold the splints, not to block the blood supply or apply pressure. G.H. = Get to Hospital Immediately. Traditional remedies have NO PROVEN benefit in treating snakebite. T = Tell the doctor of any systemic symptoms such as ptosis that manifest on the way to hospital. Dos- Remove jewelers (Watch ,rings etc.), remove shows and tight clothes, Keep bitten part below heart level and If possible try to take the photo of snake DON’TS- Incision, Suction Application of Ice ,massage or any chemical treatment, feeding chili Don’t eat tea, coffee or alcohol that exceeds the circulation

  22. HOW TO AVOID SNAKEBITE Community based education Keep household clean Close door, windows properly, Try to avoid sleeping on floor. Mosquito net should be used Use a light at night. Use shoes, boots in paddy field, bushes, long grasses Never play with snakes, or irritate them even if they are dead. Shoes and cloths should be check before wearing. Remove holes inside the house Remove bushes and grasses near the house Manage store room properly Don’t store grasses and thatches near house Don’t let rats and frogs enter in to the house Check bed cover and mattresses before sleeping

  23. Ecological role of Snake In ecosystem • Snakes protects the crops from mice and rats. • Snakes controls the rodent's population. • Snakes are carnivores and hence maintains the ecological balance. • Snakes venom is used for making anti venom and other drugs(medicines) for treatment of thrombosis (Blood clotting), arthritis, cancer and many other diseases. • Some misconception about snakes and snakes bites • Some snakes have two heads: also in the tail side and move 6 months from each side • Snakes drinks milks • Snakes can capture photos from eyes • Snake dances in charmers flute • Snake chases up to very far • Rat snake chases women who recently gave birth • Dead snakes can revive if sprayed with kerosene • Snake has snake pearl on their head • Snake can transform into human and other animals • Bite from water snake kills animals • Baby snake does not have venom and teeth • If man bites snakes it will dies from the poison

  24. Snakes that looks similar but are different Sand Boa Russels Viper Python Common Krait Common Wolf snake

  25. Snakes that looks similar but are different Common Rat snake Cobra

  26. Making of snake anti venom? Questions ???? THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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