KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities.

1. KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities.

2. Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. • Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. White oak:Quercus alba • A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system.

3. uses Latin words • scientific names always typed in italics (underlined if written) • two parts are the genus name and species descriptor • Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system.

4. A genus includes one or more physically similar species. • Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related. • Genus name is always capitalized. • A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name. • always lowercase • always follows genusname; never written alone Tyto alba

5. Scientific names help scientists to communicate. • Some species have very similar common names. • Some species have many common names. • Accurately & uniformly name organisms • Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish • Uses same language (Latin) for all names Sea”horse”??

8. Linnaeus’ classification system has eight levels. Domain: Eukarya • Each level is included in the level above it. • Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.

9. The Linnaean classification system has limitations. • Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for molecular evidence. • The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’ time. • Linnaean system based only on physical similarities.

10. Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships. • Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.

11. Which TWO are more closely related?

13. 17.2 Classification based on Evolutionary Relationships KEY CONCEPT Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.

14. Basis for Modern Taxonomy • Homologous (morphological characters) structures (same structure, different function) • Similar embryodevelopment • Molecular Similarity (biochemical characters) in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequences in Proteins

15. Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.

16. Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos

17. Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species. • evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data • shown with branching tree diagrams

18. classification based on common ancestry • species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor • Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary trees.

19. A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. • A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. • Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. • Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.

20. 1 Tetrapoda clade 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade 4 Diapsida clade 5 Archosauria clade FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER • Derived characters are traits shared in different degrees by clade members. • basis of arranging species in cladogram • more closely related species share more derived characters • represented on cladogram as hash marks

21. CLADE 1 Tetrapoda clade 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade 4 Diapsida clade 5 Archosauria clade NODE FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER • Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade. • Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node. FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID

22. Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness. • Molecular data may confirm classification based on physical similarities. • Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a new classification. • DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.

23. +/- Table 0/1 Table Cladogram

24. Dichotomous Keying • Used to identify organisms • Characteristics given in pairs • Read both characteristics and either go to the next set of characteristics OR identify the organism

25. 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 6 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 Example of Dichotomous Key

26. 1. a. wings covered by an exoskeleton ………go to step 2 b. wings not covered by an exoskeleton ……….go to step 3 2. a. body has a round shape ………. Coccinellaseptempunctata b. body has an elongated shape ……….Camnulapellucida 3. a. wings point out from the side of the body ………. Aeshnacyanea b. wings point to the posterior of the body ………. Muscadomestica

27. 17.3 Molecular Clocks KEY CONCEPT Molecular clocks provide clues to evolutionary history.

28. Mutations add up at a fairly constant rate in the DNA of species that evolved from a common ancestor. Ten million years later— one mutation in each lineage Another ten million years later— one more mutation in each lineage Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time. • Mutations add up at a constant rate in related species. • This rate is the ticking of the molecular clock. • As more time passes, there will be more mutations. The DNA sequences from two descendant species show mutations that have accumulated (black). The mutation rate of this sequence equals one mutation per ten million years. DNA sequence from a hypothetical ancestor

29. Scientists estimate mutation rates by linking molecular data and real time. • an event known to separate species • the first appearance of a species in fossil record

30. Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA provide two types of molecular clocks. • Different molecules have different mutation rates. • higher rate, better for studying closely related species • lower rate, better for studying distantly related species

31. grandparents mitochondrial DNA nuclear DNA parents Mitochondrial DNA is passed down only from the mother of each generation,so it is not subject to recombination. child Nuclear DNA is inherited from both parents, making it more difficult to trace back through generations. • Mitochondrial DNA is used to study closely related species. • mutation rate ten times faster than nuclear DNA • passed down unshuffled from mother to offspring

32. Ribosomal RNA is used to study distantly related species. • many conservative regions • lower mutation rate than most DNA

33. 17.4 Domains & Kingdoms KEY CONCEPT The current tree of life has three domains.

34. Plantae Animalia Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae

35. Protista Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae Plantae Animalia • 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista

36. Plantae Animalia Protista Monera Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae • 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista • 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera

37. Plantae Animalia Protista Fungi Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae • 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista • 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera • 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom Monera

38. Plantae Animalia Protista Archea Bacteria Fungi Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae • 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista • 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera • 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom • 1977: kingdom Monerasplit into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea

39. The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. • Domains are above the kingdom level. • proposed by Carl Woese based on rRNA studies of prokaryotes • domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity

40. Domain Bacteria includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria. • one of largest groups on Earth • classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused • Some may cause DISEASE • Found in ALL HABITATS except the most extreme ones • Important decomposers for environment • Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

41. Domain Archaea includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea. • cell walls chemically different from bacteria • differences discovered by studying RNA • known for living in extreme environments • Found in: • Sewage Treatment Plants • Thermal or Volcanic Vents • Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid • Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake)

42. bridge to transfer DNA • Bacteria and archaea can be difficult to classify. • transfer genes among themselves outside of reproduction • blurs the linebetween “species” • more researchneeded tounderstand prokaryotes

43. Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. • Kingdom Protista • Most are unicellular • Some are multicellular • Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic • Mostly Aquatic

44. Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. • Kingdom Protista • Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • Autotrophic • Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis • Cell walls made of cellulose

45. Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. • Kingdom Protista • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular, except yeast • Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) • Cell walls made of chitin

46. Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. • Kingdom Protista • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Fungi • Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Ingestive heterotrophs(consume food & digest it inside their bodies) • Feed on plants or animals