Imperialism

1. Let’s go and get some colonies! Imperialism

2. Describe at least motives for imperialism. Describe three types of imperialism. Which nations became imperial powers? Which nations were controlled by imperial powers? How did imperial powers justify their control over foreign nations? By the end of the day, you will be able to

3. Imperialism: The policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally or militarily. Definition

4. COLONIALISM SPEEDS UP Age of Exploration ↓ Europeans raced for overseas colonies ↓ Growth of European commerce andtrade worldwide ↓ Commercial Revolution

5. 1500s-1700s England, France, Holland, Portugal, and Spain Wars over colonies “OLD” IMPERIALISM

6. Europeans were preoccupied with happenings on the European continent and in the existing European colonies. American Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Latin American Wars for Independence Growth of Nationalism Industrial Revolution INTERLUDE – LATE 1700s-LATE 1800s

7. Beginning circa 1875 Renewed race for colonies Spurred by needs created by the Industrial Revolution New markets for finished goods New sources of raw materials Nationalism Colonies = economic and political power Social Darwinism = racist justification “NEW” IMPERIALISM

8. David Livingstone Mapping the “Dark Continent” Exploration

9. The steam engine Better transportation Increased exploration Improvements in communication Technological Advances

10. CONCEPT OF “RACES” CIRCA 1900

11. A desire to “civilize” non-Europeans also spurred the development of imperialism. • Charles Darwin, “The Origins of the Species” • The idea of the evolution and survival of the fittest. • Turned into Social Darwinism Ideological motives

12. Social Darwinism said that strong people should rule over weak people…

13. First self-powered machine gun The Maxim Gun One English writer put it this way: “Whatever happens, we have gotthe Maxim gun, and they have not.”

14. 19th century political change Allegiance to one’s country rather than one’s monarch Role of the Common people Unification movements Militarism Nationalism

15. Other nations emerged in the mid-1800s as the result of political and economic changes in Europe and beyond.

16. Industrialized nations sought: • Raw materials • Natural resources • A cheap labor supply • New marketplaces for manufactured goods. Economic Motives

17. Economic Motives Markets for finished goods Products of British Industrial Revolution sold in China and India Sources of raw materials Egypt – cotton Malaya – rubber and tin Middle East – oil Capital investments Profits from Industrial Revolution invested in mines, railroads, etc., in unindustrialized areas

18. Social Darwinism Interpreted Darwin’s evolutionary theory in terms of powerful nations “Only the strong survive” Powerful nations able to develop areas and resources being “wasted” by native peoples Racism Increased feelings of white superiority Increased feelings of Japanese superiority Eugenics developed as a branch of science JUSTIFICATIONS

19. † Conversion to Christianity End-of-the-century crusading spirit Missionaries in Africa, Asia, Hawaii, etc. RELIGIOUS MOTIVES

20. Rudyard Kipling, author of The Jungle Book, was an Anglo-Indian – an Englishman who was born in India. His ideas about imperialism can be seen in a poem he wrote in 1889, called The White Man’s Burden:

21. Turn to the White Man’s Burden page in your passport and read the entry together. Answer the following questions The White Man’s Burden

22. SOCIAL MOTIVES Surplus population Japanese in Korea Italians in Africa “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling’s poetry and prose Whites morally obligated to bring the “blessings of civilization” to “backward” peoples Cecil Rhodes – imperialism is “philanthropy—plus five percent”

23. The White Man’s Burden was the idea that Europeans had to conquer the rest of the world, to spread the benefits of Western Civilization. This was supposed to help them…

24. Appeared on advertisements and on children’s books during that time period.

25. Mahatma Gandhi was born in India around the same time as Rudyard Kipling. Gandhi lived in India and Africa and studied law in England, but he had different ideas about imperialism. Reporter: “What do you think about Western Civilization?” Gandhi: “I think it would be a good idea!” Gandhi led India to independence from England through nonviolent resistance. India

26. Gandhi and others thought that Europeans were just talking about helping the people they conquered. The West wasn’t really civilized. It was brutally conquering the entire world and taking foreign countries’ natural resources.

27. POLITICAL MOTIVES • Nationalism – National pride • “The sun never sets on the British empire.” • Large empires increased national pride • French acquisitions in Africa and Asia followed France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War

28. The sun never sets on the British Empire

29. Berlin Conference: established rules on how the colonies would behave in regards to Africa Africa

31. Bases • British naval bases • Aden, Alexandria, Cyprus, Hong Kong, Singapore • Manpower • British – Indian sepoys • French – north African troops MILITARY MOTIVES

32. In the 1700s, China enjoyed a favorable balance of trade. China

33. By 1779, the British East India Company was importing opium to China. Within a generation, opium addiction in China became widespread. Opium

38. China and Britain Clash over Opium In 1839, a Chinese official demanded that the opium trade in Guangzhou stop. The British refused and war ensued.

40. Boxer rebellion

46. Economic privileges and rights given for a specific purpose U.S. and British oil concessions throughout the Middle East Ottoman Turks granted Germany permission to build Berlin-to-Baghdad Railroad CONCESSION IMPERIALISM

47. Exclusive or special control over an area Examples British trading rights in China’s Yangtze valley French trading rights in southeastern China Japanese trading rights in Korea SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IMPERIALISM

48. Lease over an area Suez Canal Corporation Suez Canal built by French in 1860s Controlled by British shortly thereafter until 1968 Panama Canal United States Germans in Kiachow French in Kwangchow British in Weihaiwei LEASEHOLD IMPERIALISM Plan of Suez Canal as envisioned in 1881.

49. Foreign control exercised through native “puppet” rulers French – Morocco (1906-1956) British – Egypt (1914-1968) Britain held a sphere of influence in Egypt from 1882-1914 Britain gained control of Egypt as Egypt’s protectorate when the Ottoman empire fell apart during World War I PROTECTORATE IMPERIALISM

50. Territory annexed and turned into a colony under the complete control of a foreign power German colonies in east and southwest Africa – until 1918 and the end of World War I French Indochine (Vietnam) – until 1955 British Burma – until 1948 ANNEXATION IMPERIALISM