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AIR NAVIGATION

AIR NAVIGATION. Key Revision. AIR NAVIGATION. Chapter 1 Distance, speed and time. Distance, Speed & Time. Pilots must make regular checks of their Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) at destination as well as estimated times for passing waypoints en-route.

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AIR NAVIGATION

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  1. AIR NAVIGATION Key Revision

  2. AIR NAVIGATION Chapter 1 Distance, speed and time.

  3. Distance, Speed & Time Pilots must make regular checks of their Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) at destination as well as estimated times for passing waypoints en-route. These are necessary for ATC reports, and vital for ensuring sufficient fuel remains to reach the destination.

  4. Regular checks of Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) are important. These calculations help the crew to determine that: a) The aircraft has sufficient fuel to reach the destination. b)The wind velocity will not change. c) They are flying the shortest route. d)The drift is correct.

  5. Regular checks of Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) are important. These calculations help the crew to determine that: a) The aircraft has sufficient fuel to reach the destination. b) The wind velocity will not change. c) They are flying the shortest route. d) The drift is correct.

  6. Aircrew are always aware of their Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA). Why is this? a) Fuel flow rate depends on ETA. b) It is the easiest calculation to do. c) It is important for fuel calculations and air traffic control purposes. d)A revised ETA tells them the wind has changed.

  7. Aircrew are always aware of their Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA). Why is this? a) Fuel flow rate depends on ETA. b) It is the easiest calculation to do.. c) It is important for fuel calculations and air traffic control purposes. d) A revised ETA tells them the wind has changed.

  8. Distance on the Earth Distance on the earth’s surface is measured in Nautical Miles. One Nautical Mile (nm) is the equivalent to one minute of latitude, (one sixtieth of a degree).

  9. Distance on the Earth Degrees of latitude and longitude are marked with the symbol °. Minutes of latitude and longitude are marked with the symbol ’.

  10. Distance on the earth's surface is measured in nautical miles (nm). Which of the following is true? a) One nm is equal to one minute of latitude. b) One nm equals 1/10,000th of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator. c) One nm is equal to 5280 feet. d)One nm is equal to one minute of longitude.

  11. Distance on the earth's surface is measured in nautical miles (nm). Which of the following is true? a) One nm is equal to one minute of latitude. b) One nm equals 1/10,000th of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator. c) One nm is equal to 5280 feet. d) One nm is equal to one minute of longitude.

  12. One degree of latitude is equal to: a) 360 nms b) 60 nms c) 60 kms d)1 nm

  13. One degree of latitude is equal to: a) 360 nms b) 60 nms c) 60 kms d) 1 nm

  14. One minute of latitude on the earth's surface is equal to: a) 1 nautical mile. b)60 nautical miles. c) 1 knot. d)1 km.

  15. One minute of latitude on the earth's surface is equal to: a) 1 nautical mile. b) 60 nautical miles. c) 1 knot. d) 1 km.

  16. Measuring Distance Nautical maps do not have scales on the borders. We use the scale shown along each meridian. If dividers are used to measure distance, the degrees and minutes scale on the nearest meridian should be used to convert that distance into nautical miles. The degrees and minutes on the parallels of latitude should not be used for measuring purposes because convergence towards the poles shrinks the scale.

  17. Distances should not be measured using parallels as they converge towards the poles. Longitude 45ºE 30ºE 15ºE 0º Only at the equator does one degree of longitude equal 60 nm.

  18. 75º N Distances measured using scales along the meridians will be accurate. Latitude 60º N 45º N 30º N 15º N 0º

  19. The LATITUDE of a point is its distance measured in degrees and minutes: a) From the Greenwich (Prime) Meridian. b) From the true North Pole. c) North or South of the Equator. d)From the true South Pole.

  20. The LATITUDE of a point is its distance measured in degrees and minutes: a) From the Greenwich (Prime) Meridian. b) From the true North Pole. c) North or South of the Equator. d) From the true South Pole.

  21. The distance between two points on a navigation chart can be measured with dividers. What scale will then be used to convert that distance to nautical miles? a)The minute scale along a meridian close to the area of interest on the chart. b)1:50,000 scale. c) The minute scale along a parallel of latitude. d)Any meridian scale off any chart.

  22. The distance between two points on a navigation chart can be measured with dividers. What scale will then be used to convert that distance to nautical miles? a) The minute scale along a meridian close to the area of interest on the chart. b) 1:50,000 scale. c) The minute scale along a parallel of latitude. d) Any meridian scale off any chart.

  23. Change of Latitude Keil 54° 20’ N If two places are on the same meridian, it is possible to determine how far apart they are by calculating the differences in Latitude. 54N 53N 52N In this example Keil is due north of Wartzburg. 51N 50N Wartzburg 49° 48’ N

  24. Change of Latitude Keil 54° 20’ N Remembering that one minute of latitude is one nautical mile, we can see that Wartzburg is just 12 nautical miles south of the 50° line of latitude. 54N 53N 52N 49° 48’ plus 12’ = 50° 00’. 51N 50N Wartzburg 49° 48’ N

  25. Change of Latitude Keil 54° 20’ N Each degree of latitude between 50° North and 54° North is a further 60 nautical miles. 54N 53N 52N 4 times 60 = 240 nautical miles. 51N 50N Wartzburg 49° 48’ N

  26. Change of Latitude Keil 54° 20’ N Finally, we can see that Keil is another 20’ North of latitude 54° North. 54N 53N 52N So another 20 nautical miles must be added to our total. 51N 50N Wartzburg 49° 48’ N

  27. Change of Latitude Keil 54° 20’ N 20’ 54N 12’ + 240’ + 20’ = 272’ 53N 240’ Keil is therefore 272 nautical miles due north of Wartzburg. 52N 51N 12’ 50N Wartzburg 49° 48’ N

  28. In Germany, Kiel is due north of Wartzburg. If Kiel's latitude is 54 20N and Wartzburg's is 49 48N how far are they apart? a) 272 nm b) 2720 nm c) 27.2 nm d)227 nm

  29. In Germany, Kiel is due north of Wartzburg. If Kiel's latitude is 54 20N and Wartzburg's is 49 48N how far are they apart? a) 272 nm b) 2720 nm c) 27.2 nm d) 227 nm Each degree is 60 nm each minute is 1 nm. Wartzburg is 12 minutes South of 50N, Kiel 20 minutes North of 54N. 50N to 54N is 4 degrees. Each degree is 60 nm. 4 x 60 + 12 + 20 = 272 nm.

  30. Oslo airport (Norway) is due north of Braunschweig airfield near Hanover (Germany). If their latitudes are 59 53N and 52 20N respectively, how far are they apart? a) 453 nm b) 454 nm c) 554 nm d)445 nm

  31. Oslo airport (Norway) is due north of Braunschweig airfield near Hanover (Germany). If their latitudes are 59 53N and 52 20N respectively, how far are they apart? a) 453 nm b) 454 nm c) 554 nm d) 445 nm 52 20N to 59 53N is 7 degrees and 33 minutes. Each degree is 60 nm, each minute is 1 nm. 7 degrees x 60 nm = 420nm, plus 33nm = 453nm.

  32. Your destination airfield is situated due south of your departure airfield. If the two latitudes are 63 25N and 57 58N, how far are they apart? a) 327 b)317 c) 323 d)333

  33. Your destination airfield is situated due south of your departure airfield. If the two latitudes are 63 25N and 57 58N, how far are they apart? a) 327 b) 317 c) 323 d) 333

  34. Dundee is due north of Abergavenny. If their latitudes are 56 27N and 51 50N, how far are they apart? a) 277 kms. b) 323 kms. c) 323 nms. d)277 nms.

  35. Dundee is due north of Abergavenny. If their latitudes are 56 27N and 51 50N, how far are they apart? a) 277 kms. b) 323 kms. c) 323 nms. d) 277 nms.

  36. Aircraft Speed On land we measure distance in miles and speed in miles per hour (mph). In aviation we use nautical miles (nm) to measure distances and speed is measured in nautical miles per hour, known as knots and abbreviated ‘kts’.

  37. Aircraft Speed An aircraft measures speed through the air using an instrument called an Air Speed Indicator (ASI). The ASI compares the pressure caused by the aircraft’s forward motion through the air (the ‘Pitot’ pressure) with the pressure of the air surrounding the aircraft (the ‘Static’ pressure). The faster the aircraft flies, the greater is the difference between these two pressures.

  38. In aviation, speed is measured in: a) kilometres per hour (km/hr). b) miles per hour (mph). c) knots (kts). d)metres per hour (m/hr).

  39. In aviation, speed is measured in: a) kilometres per hour (km/hr). b) miles per hour (mph). c) knots (kts). d) metres per hour (m/hr).

  40. The Air Speed Indicator (ASI) calculates speed by: a) Measuring the pressure difference between pitot and static pressures. b) Measuring the pitot pressure. c) Measuring the static pressure. d)Multiplying pitot pressure by static pressure.

  41. The Air Speed Indicator (ASI) calculates speed by: a) Measuring the pressure difference between pitot and static pressures. b) Measuring the pitot pressure. c) Measuring the static pressure. d) Multiplying pitot pressure by static pressure.

  42. Calibrated Airspeed The indicated airspeed (IAS) is corrected for Pressure Error and Instrument Error to give a more accurate airspeed – Calibrated Airspeed (CAS). IAS + Pressure Error + Instrument Error = CAS Pressure Error is caused by the airflow around the aircraft. Carefully positioning the pitot and static tubes can minimise, but not eliminate completely, this error.

  43. Calibrated Air Speed (CAS) is: a) Pitot pressure minus static pressure. b) IAS after correction for pressure error and instrument error. c) Always less than IAS. d)Always greater than IAS.

  44. Calibrated Air Speed (CAS) is: a) Pitot pressure minus static pressure. b) IAS after correction for pressure error and instrument error. c) Always less than IAS. d) Always greater than IAS.

  45. Calibrated Air Speed (CAS) equals Indicated Air Speed (IAS) plus corrections for: a) Altitude error. b) Pressure error. c) Instrument error. d)Pressure and instrument error.

  46. Calibrated Air Speed (CAS) equals Indicated Air Speed (IAS) plus corrections for: a) Altitude error. b) Pressure error. c) Instrument error. d) Pressure and instrument error.

  47. True Airspeed As an aircraft flies higher the air becomes less dense, so the aircraft flies faster through the thinner air to achieve the same force on the pitot tube. To find the True Airspeed (TAS) at altitude the Calibrated Airspeed must now be corrected for air density changes caused by temperature and altitude. CAS + Density Error (temperature & altitude) = TAS

  48. True Airspeed To summarise: IAS + Pressure & Instrument Error = CAS CAS + Density Error (temperature & altitude) = TAS

  49. True Airspeed To summarise: IAS + Pressure & Instrument Error = CAS CAS + Density Error (temperature & altitude) = TAS I P I C D T

  50. When Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) is corrected for altitude and temperature, it becomes: a) True Air Speed (TAS). b)Indicated Airspeed (IAS). c) Mach Number. d) Indicated Groundspeed.

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