What is the Cold War???

2. What is the Cold War??? • growing mistrust between the 2 Superpowers: Soviet Union & the U.S. • Iron Curtain (symbolic boundary dividing Europe into 2) • lasted from the 1920’s – 1990’s • Western Europe & the U.S. vs. Eastern Europe, China, & the Soviet Union • no actual fighting battles, but lots of tension, rivalry, & political battles (Domino Theory – one incident led to another) • Soviet blockade of Berlin • Berlin Wall • Bay of Pigs • Cuban Missile Crisis • Truman Doctrine • Korean War • Space Race • Nuclear Arms Race • Capitalism & Democracy (U.S.) VS. Communism (Soviet Union)

3. Berlin Blockade • end of WWII, Germany was split into 4 zones • France, Britain, & U.S. combined their zones • U.S.S.R. did not want a democratic govt. situated in middle of East Germany • U.S.S.R. decided to blockade W. Berlin; in response, British & American planes airlifted supplies into W. Berlin • soon after… Berlin wall built

5. President Truman • wanted to prevent the further expansion of communism in Europe • Truman Doctrine – U.S. would dedicate economic aid to help foreign countries fight communism • COMMUNISM – favoring equal distribution of wealth & the end of all private property • Marshall Plan – gave financial aid to European allies to rebuild their countries after WWII • $13 billion between 1948 – 1952 • offered Soviet Union, but they refused • the Fair Deal – reform programs after WWII

6. The Fair Deal • it was intended to bring full employment & a higher minimum wage for Americans • it called for more affordable housing, expanded Social Security benefits, & aid for farmers • it also dealt with civil rights – calling for an end to lynching & discrimination & for voter protection laws • it funded domestic improvements • building highways • GI bill $$$

7. Korean War • 2 Koreas (Northern – communists & Southern – controlled by the U.N.) • North Korea (trained by Soviets) invaded South Korea in order to spread communism; Truman sent troops immediately over • Chinese (communists) helped N. Korea vs. U.S. (democracy) helped S. Korea; the U.N. voted to use military force in Korea • Election of 1952 – Republican President, Eisenhower (former WWII general) won!  war changes • The U.S. never declared war in Korea

9. IKE (Eisenhower) • Eisenhower Doctrine -Threatened the use of atomic weapons in Korea  2 sides signed a peace treaty soon after • To this day… 2 sides (North & South)… tensions still exist… U.S. forces still there • “New Look” in U.S. foreign policy  massive retaliation • the use of nuclear weapons to fight communist attack

10. Ike Truman

11. What is Communism? • a type of socialism; establishes a classless nation based upon common ownership of the means of production • Karl Marx – German ideologist; the Communist Manifesto (1848) • the “Father of Communism” – thought capitalism would end • working class should revolt against middle class • years later the Marxist Bolsheviks took over Russia & started the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (leader – Vladimir Lenin)

12. The Red Scare • fear of communism (the Communist party exists in the U.S. & its spreading all over eastern Europe & Asia) • HUAC, govt. agency, investigates American people’s involvement in communism • blacklisting – refusing to hire because a person may be communist • Hollywood investigated & up in arms • Internal Security Act – required organizations thought to be communist to register with the govt. & allowed govt. the right to arrest people suspected of communism

13. McCarthy a Senator who began a campaign to expose Communists in the U.S. he accused people of being communists without adequate proof & exploited the fear of communism McCarthyism people scared of proving him wrong, for fear that he would called them a communist he then went after communism in the military… that pushed it too far McCarthy then voted out of office by Congress

15. Nuclear Arms Race • who would have the most WMD’s??? • SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks • from atomic bomb to hydrogen bomb (more powerful) • U.S. not the only one with this technology (Soviet Union has it too) • Families built underground bomb shelters to escape radiation • children practiced “duck & cover” drills at schools

16. Space Race • Sputnik – Soviet satellite sent into space; Americans worried that the Soviets were beating the U.S. technologically in the Cold War • in response, the U.S. created NASA (National Aeronautics & Space Administration) & funded/pushed more math, science, & foreign language in education • Eisenhower created it, JF Kennedy made it what it is today

18. the Bay of Pigs • 1959, Fidel Castro, Cuba vs. Kennedy, U.S. • Castro established a communist dictatorship in Cuba & an alliance with the Soviet Union • Cuba very close to U.S.  scared Americans • Kennedy/Ike’s plan – CIA trained Cuban exiles to invade island on the Bay of Pigs • Castro attacked back, invasion turned into a disaster • FAILED!!!

19. The Cuban Missile Crisis

20. The Cuban Missile Crisis • Soviets installing nuclear missiles in Cuba (could hit U.S.) • U.S. navy then surrounded Cuba to prevent & block Soviet ships from bringing in more missiles • Soviet ships then approached the U.S. blockade… time stood still… Soviet ships turned back • Compromise: Soviets removed missiles, U.S. not invade Cuba, & create a “hotline” (the red phone between 2 superpowers) • Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty – created by Kennedy & Soviet leader, Khrushchev, ended testing of nuclear weapons above ground

22. The Berlin Wall • after WWII, the Allies divided Berlin in 2 (West – U.S. & East Berlin – Soviet Union) • East Berliners began crossing into West Berlin… this alarmed the Communists  Berlin Wall (built by Soviets) attempt to stop border crossing • stood for decades as a symbol of the Cold War

23. Vietnam Conflict • war fought between communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam (N. Vietnam) & Republic of Vietnam (S. Vietnam) • U.S. sided with S. Vietnam • Communist allies sided with N. Vietnam • N. Vietnam wanted independence from French colonialism

24. War Powers Act 1973 • Because of Korea & Vietnam, this fed. law is created • President cannot send troops (unless under attack) to war; only Congress has that power

26. What does this graphic mean?