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NEW AIM: How is all life united?

Chapter 1 - Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life. NEW AIM: How is all life united?. Topic 8. Scientific Inquiry and Skills. Chapter 1 - Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life. AIM: What is Science?. What is Science ?. The process we use to know something.

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NEW AIM: How is all life united?

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  1. Chapter 1 - Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life NEW AIM: How is all life united? Topic 8 Scientific Inquiry and Skills

  2. Chapter 1 - Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life AIM: What is Science? What is Science ? The process we use to know something

  3. Chapter 1 - Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life AIM: What is Science? How do we do science? We use the scientific method

  4. Chapter 1 - Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life AIM: What is Science? Fig. 1.3A

  5. Chapter 1 - Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life AIM: What is Science? Fig. 1.3A

  6. Chapter 1 - Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life AIM: What is Science? Fig. 1.3A

  7. Chapter 1 - Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life AIM: What is Science? Inference A conclusion you make based on observations

  8. Chapter 1 - Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life AIM: How is all life united? Let’s do an experimental design question Things to keep in mind: 1. Question in bullets should be answered in bullets and you should only be answering what the bullet asks. 2. A hypothesis is NOT and IF/THEN. It is a statement that answers your question like: The plants getting fertilizer will grow taller. NOT if the plants get fertilizer then they will grow taller. 3. The independent variable is the one you alter (it starts with the letter “I”. It is not fertilizer, it is the AMOUNT OF fertilizer. – goes on x axis of graph 4. The dependent variable is what you measure…height, mass, color, etc… - goes on y axis of graph 5. Make sure you use a placebo (sugar pill) if you are treating HUMAN subject only.

  9. Chapter 1 - Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life AIM: How is all life united? Let’s do an experimental design question Things to keep in mind: 6. If they are asking what is wrong with an experiment… Always look for sample size, for a control group, and look if it was repeatable. 7. If they ask how to make the experiment more valid Increase sample size, repeat experiment

  10. Chapter 1 - Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life AIM: How is all life united? Laboratory skills There are 1000 micrometers (um) in 1 mm How many micrometers in 2.3 mm? 2300um

  11. Chapter 4 - A Tour of the Cell AIM: The practical microscope… Laboratory skills Field of view with mm ruler What is the width of this organism? Estimate the field of view at 1.5mm and estimate that 3 organisms fit across it. Therefore the organism is around 0.5mm or 500um.

  12. Chapter 4 - A Tour of the Cell AIM: The practical microscope… Laboratory skills Field of view with mm ruler What is the width of this cell? Estimate the field of view at 1.5mm and estimate that 4 cells fit across it. Therefore the organism is around 1.5/4 or 0.375mm or 375um.

  13. Chapter 4 - A Tour of the Cell AIM: The practical microscope… Laboratory skills Low Power High Power Remember that as magnification increases, FOV decreases

  14. Chapter 4 - A Tour of the Cell AIM: The practical microscope… Laboratory skills Remember that magnification is ocular times objective lens and know the parts.

  15. Chapter 4 - A Tour of the Cell AIM: The practical microscope… Under the microscope, the object you are looking at will be rotated by 180 degrees…

  16. Chapter 4 - A Tour of the Cell AIM: The practical microscope… Laboratory skills Measuring Liquid Volume: Use a graduated cylinder and read the bottom of the meniscus.

  17. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome AIM: What are some other tools of DNA technology? Laboratory skills Gel Electrophoresis This technique allows one to not only indirectly view the DNA, but also to separate and view the DNA fragments. Fig. 12.10

  18. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome AIM: What are some other tools of DNA technology? Gel Electrophoresis Gel (like jell-o) The gel is made of either agarose or polyacrylamide. It has tiny, microscopic pores that DNA can fit through. Fig. 12.10

  19. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome AIM: What are some other tools of DNA technology? Gel Electrophoresis Gel (like jell-o) The DNA sample is loaded in the wells at the top of the gel. One sample per well. Fig. 12.10

  20. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome AIM: What are some other tools of DNA technology? Gel Electrophoresis Electricity (electrons flow from top of gel by the samples to the bottom of the gel) Electricity is then run through the gel. Why do you think the negative end is on the sample side and the positive end is on the other end of the gel? DNA is negative because the phosphates are negative. The negative electrons moving down push (repel) the DNA down with them. Fig. 12.10

  21. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome AIM: What are some other tools of DNA technology? Gel Electrophoresis Which will move faster through the micro-porous gel, the longer DNA fragments or the shorter DNA fragments? The small fragments (fewer nucleotides) will move more easily through the gel and hence go faster than the large ones. Therefore, gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by SIZE.

  22. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome AIM: What are some other tools of DNA technology? Gel Electrophoresis This is all great, but we still can’t physically see the DNA… Fig. 12.10

  23. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome AIM: What are some other tools of DNA technology? Gel Electrophoresis The gel is soaked with a a compound called ethidium bromide, which sticks to DNA and lights up when you hit the gel with UV light… Fig. 12.10

  24. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome How can we use bacteria to manipulate DNA and protein? Restriction enzymes 1. molecular DNA scissors (enzymes that cut DNA) 2. Different restriction enzymes cut different sequences of DNA. 3. Scientists have isolated hundreds of different restriction enzymes from many different bacteria – EcoRI, BamHI, NcoI, etc…

  25. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome How can we use bacteria to manipulate DNA and protein? Restriction enzymes Ex. The restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts at GAATTC Fig. 12.4

  26. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome How can we use bacteria to manipulate DNA and protein? Restriction enzymes Ex. EcoRI EcoRI

  27. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome AIM: What are some other tools of DNA technology? Different people have different restriction sites in their DNA due to mutations (see left). Draw what the gel would look like for the restriction digest of the criminal and the suspect. Section of the DNA from the crime scene Section of the same DNA segment from the suspect.

  28. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome AIM: What are some other tools of DNA technology? Criminal’s DNA fingerprint Suspect’s DNA fingerprint Suspect did not do it!! Fig. 12.11A criminal suspect

  29. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome AIM: What are some other tools of DNA technology? Can also be used to detect disease, determine paternity, or analyze general genetic relatedness as more closely related individuals will have more similar band patterns (similar size fragments).

  30. Chapter 12 - DNA Technology and the Human Genome AIM: What are some other tools of DNA technology? Review: 1. Digest DNA with restriction enzymes 2. Run restriction fragments on a gel (gel electrophoresis) – shorter ones go further 3. Compare fragments

  31. Relationships and Biodiversity State Lab Laboratory skills Remember Paper chromatography? - Analytical technique for separating and identifying mixtures based on their attraction to the paper or the solvent running up the paper

  32. Relationships and Biodiversity State Lab How does Paper chromatography work? The solvent (water in this case) will wick (travel) up the paper. The solvent will eventually make its way to the sample absorbed on the paper (which must be above the water level). The molecules in the sample will have different attractions for the paper and the solvent (water): If the affinity is high for the solvent, the molecule will move quickly up the paper with the solvent. If the molecule has a high affinity for the paper, it will stick to the paper and resist movement and only move slowly up the paper thereby separating the different molecules.

  33. Relationships and Biodiversity State Lab Station 4 - Paper Chromatography to Separate Plant Pigments 1. Take four strips of chromatography paper and try to straighten them the best you can by curling them in the opposite direction and putting a slight crease down the center (see example setup on the bench). 2. Draw a line 2 cm from the bottom of each of the four chromatography papers. Use a pencil to label the top edge of the chromatography paper either Bc (Botanus curus), X, Y, or Z (look at Figure 2 in the lab manual).

  34. Relationships and Biodiversity State Lab Station 4 - Paper Chromatography to Separate Plant Pigments 3. Add about 1cm of water to each beaker. 4. Place two drops of plant extract from Botanus curus just above the pencil line as shown in Figure 2. 5. Place the paper into the water and allow the water to move up the paper. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for the other samples. Pigment Sample MUST BE above the water level or the pigment will just diffuse into the water!!!!!!

  35. Chapter 4 - A Tour of the Cell AIM: The practical microscope… Laboratory skills Dichotomous keys

  36. Chapter 4 - A Tour of the Cell AIM: The practical microscope… Four State Labs

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