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Osseous Tissue and the Skeletal System

Osseous Tissue and the Skeletal System. Functions. Support Storage- minerals and fats Blood cell production- red and white Protection Leverage. Bone Shapes. Long bones- long and slender, ex. Arm, forearm, thigh, and leg

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Osseous Tissue and the Skeletal System

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  1. Osseous Tissue and the Skeletal System

  2. Functions • Support • Storage- minerals and fats • Blood cell production- red and white • Protection • Leverage

  3. Bone Shapes • Long bones- long and slender, ex. Arm, forearm, thigh, and leg • Flat bones- have thin almost parallel surfaces, ex. Sternum, ribs, scapula

  4. Osseous Tissue and Bone structure • Compact bone- dense solid bone, surface • Spongy bone- open network, interior • Long bone • Diaphysis (shaft) is surrounded by compact bone, which around the yellow marrow cavity • Epiphysis- contains the spongy bone and red bone marrow • Metaphysis- narrow zone between

  5. Marrow • Yellow marrow- stores fat cells • Red marrow- stores red, white, and stem cells

  6. Matrix of bone • Calcium crystals- hard but inflexible, good at withstanding compression • Collagen fibers- very strong under tension (pulling), stronger than steel • Crystals form on fiber network, combination makes bone strong, somewhat flexible, and resistant to shattering

  7. Cells in bone • Osteocytes- mature bone cell, maintain protein and mineral content • Osterblasts- immature bone cells, produce new bone matrix • Osteoprogenitor cells- stem cells that produce osteoblasts • Osteoclasts- remove bone matrix to release Ca and phosphate • Osteoblasts continually create new bone, while the osteoclasts breakdown bone

  8. Bone Growth and Development • Bony skeleton begins to grow 6 weeks after fertilization, cartilage at first • Ossification- process of replacing existing tissue with bone • Intramembranous Ossification- bone is formed directly from fibrous connective tissue, flat bones of the skull • Endochondral Ossification- bone is formed by replacing cartilage, most bones develop this way

  9. Bone Growth • Osteoblasts continually add bone at the diaphysis side of the metaphysis • At the epiphysis side of the metaphysis new cartilage is formed • So as the both occur bone gets longer • During puberty, sex hormones stimulate osteoblasts to produce bone faster than cartilage, so the epiphyseal cartilage gets smaller and bone gets longer, this happen until around 25 until there is no cartilage left

  10. Appositional Growth • Increases the diameter of bone • Osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblasts and grow new matrix • Fun fact: About 1/5 of your skeleton is recycled and replaced each year!

  11. Effects of exercise on bones • Exercise creates an electrical field in bone, and stimulates osteoblasts to make new bone • More powerful muscles corresponds to larger bumps on bones • Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger compared to bone w/no stress which becomes brittle and weak

  12. Hormonal & Nutritional Effects on bone • Must have Calcium and phosphate in diet • Calcitriol, helps w/ absorption of ca from digestive tract (made from vitamin D) • Vitamin C is essential for building of collagen • Vitamin A stimulates osteoblast activity, B and K help make proteins • Growth hormone- stimulate growth • Thyroxine- increase rate of osteoblast activity

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