Unit 4

1. Unit 4 • Respond the following ten statements by saying “true” or “false”. If it is false, turn it into a true one. • You cannot read most efficiently if you do not “write between the lines”. • As soon as you have bought a book, the book belongs to you. • According to the author, books should not be kept as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. • According to the author, you can mark up any books that belong to yourself. • Marking up a book while reading can keep you from dozing off. • Books should be read in a state of relaxation. • Your reading is active when you have filled the pages of the book with your notes. Reading a book is somewhat like having a conversation with the author. • Learning means absorbing whatever you are exposed to on the subject. • By “marking a book”, the author only means writing in the margin of the page.

2. This article can be divided into three parts: • A、 (Para 1) The author puts forward his argument directly --- Unless you write between lines, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading. • B、(Para 2—10) The author tells us the importance of marking up a book. • C、(Para 11) Marking a book is an expression of the reader’s agreements or differences of opinion with the author. This serves as a convincing ending. • This article has a close structure, vivid and friendly in writing. The • author uses a great deal of rhetorical expressions such as comparison, • figure of speech, classification and so forth which make the whole • article sound lively and cordial. So reader can naturally agree with the • author’s arguments.

3. Words and phrases: • 1. persuade: vt. cause(sb.) to do sth. by reasoning, arguing ,etc. • persuade sb. of sth. • persuade sb. that… • eg: How can I persuade you of my sincerity / that I am sincere? • persuade sb. into / out of doing sth. • eg: Can you persuade her out of her foolish plan? • we finally persuaded grandpa into moving to the city. • persuade sb.to do sth. • eg: He was persuaded to stay in bed for three days more.

4. 2. property: (collectively) things owned; possessions • eg: Much of his property was destroyed by the fire. • 3. prelude: action, event, etc. that serves as an introduction • eg: The discussions were a prelude to the treaty. • 4. possession: n. possessing; ownership; (pl.) property • eg: He had few possessions. • in one’s (sb’s) possession (= in the possession of sb.) • eg: The house has been in the family’s possession for nearly 90 years.

5. 5. transfer: vt. hand over the possession of; change officially from one position,etc. to another • eg: That world-famous soccer star has been transferred from a Spanish club to an Italian one. • 6. absorb: vt.take or suck in (liquids); take in (knowledge, ideas. etc.) • eg: White surfaces do not absorb much heat or light. • The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teacher could • give him.

6. 7. dig into: read or study for a short time or without much attention • eg: In my spare time, I like to dip into my favorite authors. • Some books are to be read seriously, others to be dipped into. • 8.resume: vt.go on after stopping for a time • eg: They resumed their journey after a short rest. • After lunch he resumed reading where he had left off. • 9.literally: ad. actually; virtually • eg: The children were literally starving.

7. Language Points: • 1….you have to read “between the lines” to get the most out of anything: • …while reading you must look for what is implied if you want to get the greatest benefit from any reading material • 2. mark up a book: make symbolic marks in a book for the purpose of comment, emphasis, etc. • 3. If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books …: • If one conclude that I am correct in saying that it’s useful to mark books…

8. 4. There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes …: • If one buys a book, he becomes its owner. In other words, he has established the property right over the book by paying for it. This is the usual meaning of ownership. The author proposes a second Meaning, what he calls “full” ownership. Buying a book is not enough “fully” own it, he argues. One has to read it carefully to make it fully his.

9. 5. I’d no more scribble all over a first edition of “Paradise Lost” than I’d give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt: • I wouldn’t write carelessly on the pages of a first edition of “ Paradise Lost”, just as I wouldn't give my baby a set of crayons and an original painting by Rembrandt and risk the danger of having the picture ruined. • 6. You don’t absorb the ideas of John Dewey the way you absorb the crooning of Mr. Vallee: • You do not take in the profound ideas in the books written by John Dewey in the same manner as you enjoy Mr. Vallee’s soothing songs.

10. 7. You have to reach for them: • You have to make a great effort to understand the ideas of John Dewey. • 8. an integrated structure: • a structure in which the parts are brought into a whole; an organic whole • 9. This outline is, to me, the measure of my understanding of the work: • To my mind, this outline is a check on how much I have understood the work.

11. Unit 5 Network Designer —— Tim Berners-Lee

12. 1. Internet • The Internet is an international computer system that links both business and private users, one of the greatest inventions of the human history. • 2. Other terms: protocols, packet switching, hypertext, HTML, HTTP and W3 Consortium • Please refer to the Student’s Book, Page 86-86

13. 3. Introductory questions: • 1) What nationality is Tim Berners-Lee? • 2) Is he a university graduate? • 3) When did he begin to take an interest in the computer? • 4) Did he work in a research institute specializing in computer science? • 5) Was he given the assignment of designing the World Wide Web or did he hit upon the idea just by accident? • 6) What was it that made WWW a reality?

14. II. Language points • 1. launch: to send something straight into the air. • Rockets or certain jet planes are launched. • China is very good at launching satellites. • a ship • an artificial satellite • launch one's son into the world • a new enterprise • an attack • a mass production movement

15. 2. zip off: move or act with a speed that suggests such a sound: • act or proceed swiftly and energetically: • The cars zipped by endlessly. • The young boy zipped through her homework so that he could go swimming with his buddies.

16. 3. exotic: from another part of the world; foreign • e.g. exotic tropical plants in a greenhouse • intriguingly unusual or different; excitingly strange: • e.g. exotic costumes from the Far East • an exotic purple bird

17. 4. encumber: put a heavy load on; burden • a hiker who was encumbered with a heavy pack; • a life that has always been encumbered with responsibilities. • a plantation encumbered with mortgages 已抵押出去的种植园

18. 5. father: to procreate (offspring) as the male parent. • to act or serve as a father to (a child). • to create, found, or originate. • 6. build on : • This part of the hospital was built on later. • His argument is built on facts. (base on) • The insurance business is built on trust.

19. 7. come across: to meet or find by chance: • Surprisingly enough, I came across my old college roommate in town today. • 8. access to the Internet --- the opportunity to use the Internet • Access: the means or opportunity or right to use or see something, always following by the preposition “to” • In a university library, we have access to large numbers of academic books. • In our country, every child is granted access to education.

20. 9. Where excellence is not an act but a habit. • Where high quality is not just something someone does on certain occasions, but rather something that one does regularly and that one finds it difficult to stop doing. • 10. It started, of all places, in the Swiss Alps. • Surprisingly enough, such a fact did not take place in an industrial city or town but in the Swiss Alps, • which seemed to be remote from industry.

21. 11. on the seventh day: (phrase from the Bible, the last day of creation) • 12. fashion: v. give shape or form to; make: • He fashioned the clay into a jar. • The carpenter fashioned a table from a redwood burl. 将红木树瘤制成桌子 • 13. hack: work on the computer skillfully • hack --- hacker • 14. pretend: a. imitation; make-believe • pretend money; pretend pearls.

22. 15. overstate: exaggerate • overstate one's case • 16. be content to do sth.: to be satisfied or pleased with • With my new bedroom furniture, I am very content. • She was content to step down after four years as chief executive. • 17. cash in: take advantage or profit • Let’s cash in on the fine weather and go out for the day. • Profiteers cashed in during the gasoline shortage. • 18. head: v. proceed or go in a certain direction • head for town. • head over heels in debt / love

23. Unit 6 Predators, Parasites and Other relationships

24. 1. Names of some animals • buffalo 水牛 yak 西藏牦牛donkey 驴golden monkey 金丝猴orangutan 猩猩chimpanzee 黑猩猩 baboon 狒狒antelope 羚羊sika / spotted deer 梅花鹿anteater 食蚁兽squirrel 松鼠hedgehog 刺猬giant panda 大熊猫leopards / panthers 豹子koala 树袋熊lioness 母狮raccoon 浣熊polar bear 北极熊spotted leopard 金钱豹rhinoceros犀牛gorilla 大猩猩kangaroo 大袋鼠zebra 斑马giraffe 长颈鹿quail 鹌鹑ostrich 鸵鸟penguin 企鹅swan 天鹅lionet / cub 小狮子hawk / eagle 老鹰peafowl / peacock 孔雀turkey 火鸡mandarin duck wild goose 大雁pigeon 鸽子hummingbird 蜂鸟kingfisher 翠鸟woodpecker 啄木鸟red-crested crane / sacred crane 仙鹤cuckoo 布谷sparrow 麻雀canary 金丝雀magpie 喜鹊bird of paradise 极乐鸟crows 乌鸦parrot 鹦鹉swallow 燕子green turtle 海龟frog / toad 蛤蟆tortoise 乌龟

25. python / boa 蟒蛇cobra 眼镜蛇house lizard 壁虎alligators / crocodile 短吻鳄tuna 金枪鱼hairtail 带鱼eel 鳗鱼shark 鲨鱼sardine 沙丁鱼oyster 牡蛎hippopotamus 河马duckbill / platypus鸭嘴兽dolphin 海豚tropical fish热带鱼pearl oyster 珍珠贝seal 海豹sea horse 海马whale 鲸鱼sperm whale 抹香鲸shrimp 虾lobster 龙虾crab 蟹octopus 章鱼hermit crab / pagurian 寄居蟹starfish 海星sponge 海绵cuttlefish 乌贼coral 珊瑚jellyfish / medusa 水母jellyfish 海蜇dragonfly 蜻蜓mantis 螳螂locust 蝗虫cockroach / roach 蟑螂grasshopper 蚱蜢cricket 蟋蟀bedbug 臭虫cicada 知了firefly / lightning bug 萤火虫beetle 甲壳虫moth 蛾子cockchafer金龟子silkworm 蚕ladybug / ladybirds 瓢虫butterfly 蝴蝶mosquito 蚊子honeybee 蜜蜂spider 蜘蛛seven-spot ladybug 七星瓢虫caterpillar 毛毛虫

26. predator: a wild animal that lives on other animals by killing and eating them • Parasite: a plant or animal that lives on or in another and gets hood from it • Ecosystem: a system which relates all the plants, animals and people in an area to their surroundings

27. exposition: one of the basic forms of communication, means explanation or putting across some information or ideas. Its primary function is not to tell a story or relate a happening, although it often uses narration or description as one of its associated techniques. Nor is its primary function to create vivid pictures for the reader. Rather, it explains something logically, and shows relationship. • In this article, the author put across his idea vividly by supplying definitions for the technical terms, quoting directly from famous biologists to give authority to what he wants to express, and by citing an example of poetic exaggeration (“only a little”) by Jonathan Swift about parasites.

28. Language Points • People usually believe that predicators have an easy time of it, killing defenseless prey. • People usually think that predators do not have to make an effort to kill the prey animals, since they (the prey) have no means of protecting themselves. • have easy time of it ------ get what one desires without having to work hard for it; do something which requires little effort • People tend to take it for granted that the heavyweight boxing champion will have an easy time of it, but beating his opponent might be harder than everyone thinks. • The general manager doesn’t have an easy time of it, running a firm with a staff of over 1600.

29. carnivore: a flesh-eating animal • carnivorous: flesh-eating carnivorous plants • prime: of the best quality • -----This meat is very dear. • -----Yes. But it’s a prime joint of beef. • The prime time of my life has gone forever. I’m aging fast.

30. The reverse is true of parasites. • Parasites have the opposite characteristics, i.e., they are smaller but greater in number than their hosts. • to be true with ----- be true of, which is more commonly used • Langston Hughes didn’t see Jesus at that special meeting. The same might well have been true with /of all the other little “lambs”. • What you said about doctors in your lectures is also true with /of us teachers. • John was greatly impressed by the Great Wall --- the same tends to be true with / of all visitors.

31. in hopes that: hoping that • Maggie’s husband made a list of resolutions on the New Year’s Eve in hopes that he would become a better father and husband. • The little sinners sat on the mourners’ bench in hopes that they could be saved . • Another two phrases “in hope that” and “in the hope that” are more commonly used. • take to ------ begin as a practice • My father took to smoking cigars when he was fifty and only now has he quit. • Our neighbor has taken to repairing radios in his spare time.

32. warn …of… ------- tell …about possible danger • Even though we are continually being warned of the dangers of smoking, there are still a lot of heavy smokers around. • Since the publication of Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring in which she warned the people of the dangers of pollution by insecticides and chemical fertilizers, there has happened a series of boos on the topic. • The organisms that make up a lichen couldn’t survive long apart. • The organisms that a lichen is composed of could not live long separately. • survive: to live longer than; outlive: • She survived her husband by five years. • to live or persist through: • These new plants can survive frosts • The house survived the storm.

33. 9. array: an ordered force or army • an array of heavily armed troops; • an array of spare parts • The crowd were met by an array of policemen. • 10. advance: a. made or given ahead of time • an advance payment • an advance party • an advance copy

34. bespeak: to be or give a sign of; indicate • to engage, hire, or order in advance • We have bespoken three tickets for tomorrow. • Today's events bespeak future tragedy. • 13. refract: cause light to change when passing through • Water refracts light • “In the Quartet reality is refracted through a variety of eyes” (Elizabeth Kastor)