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Comprehensive Overview of PENELOPE: A FORTRAN Monte Carlo Simulation Package for Particle Transport

PENELOPE is a powerful subroutine package designed for Monte Carlo simulations of the coupled transport of electrons and photons within energy ranges of approximately 100 eV to 1 GeV. It offers detailed simulations of photon interactions including incoherent scattering and mixed simulations of electron-positron interactions, such as bremsstrahlung and ionization processes. PENELOPE supports arbitrary material systems, incorporates advanced algorithms, and is equipped with auxiliary tools for variance reduction and geometry management. Freely available, it has supported numerous research studies and theses, making it a key resource in the field.

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Comprehensive Overview of PENELOPE: A FORTRAN Monte Carlo Simulation Package for Particle Transport

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  1. PENELOPE: brief overview and benchmark simulations Francesc Salvat José M. Fernández-Varea Josep Sempau Eduardo Acosta

  2. What is PENELOPE? Subroutine package (FORTRAN 77) • Monte Carlo simulation of the coupled transport of e± and  • Energy range from ~ 100 eV to ~ 1 GeV • Arbitrary material systems • Full Class II algorithm: detailed simulation of  interactions mixed simulation of e± interactions

  3. Photon interactions

  4. Incoherent (Compton) scattering

  5. Electron & positron interactions

  6. Bremsstrahlung emission

  7. Inner-shell ionization by electron impact Distorted-wave Born approx. cross sections

  8. Atomic relaxation Ionization of outer shells (M, N, …): secondary e – no fluorescent radiation Ionization of inner shells (K, L1, L2, L3): secondary e – fluorescent radiation (x-ray or Auger e – )

  9. Mixed simulation algorithm Hard collisions:  > c , W >Wc; soft events:  < c , W <Wc Recipe: Then, in a step of length we have (on average) and

  10. Random-hinge method • Multiple-scattering moments are accurately reproduced • Easy to implement for the MW DCS • Interface crossing poses no difficulty • The energy dependence of Ss and s2 is easily implemented • Variation of the hard mfp with energy is accounted for by fictitious “ interactions” (defining smax) • Angular deflections in soft inelastic events are incorporated

  11. Stability (i)

  12. Stability (ii)

  13. Auxiliary tools • Geometry package PENGEOM • Geometry viewers • Variance-reduction techniques • Simulation in static electric & magnetic fields • Program SHOWER

  14. Benchmark simulations Backscattering coefficients

  15. Energy distributions of backscattered electrons

  16. Transmission coefficients

  17. Positron implantation

  18. Depth-dose functions

  19. Bremsstrahlung photon energy distributions

  20. EPMA x-ray spectra

  21. Summary • Freely available from the NEA Data Bank • http://www.nea.fr • We have written ample documentation • http://www.nea.fr/lists/penelope.html • Over 200 copies of the program have been distributed • PENELOPE is the basis of multiple papers and PhD theses • Some of the models will be implemented in Geant4

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