NEGATIVE POWER

1. APARTHEID: NEGATIVE POWER BY MIKE ROGALSKI PERIOD 3 AND ALEX QUEEN

2. Timeline of Apartheid

3. The National Party of South Africa creates the Native Land Act which gives 7.3% of South African land to Africans, who make up 80% of the population. The African National Congress (ANC) is formed. This is a political group for Africans promoting civil rights and peace. 1913

4. After slowing taking over the government, the NP of South Africa passes the Representation of Voters Act which forces many Africans that vote to vote only for white representation. 1936 1950 The Population Registration Act divides the population into three groups, whites, mixed races and Asians, and Blacks.

5. The Group Areas Act and the Bantu Homeland Act effectively divided all of the races. Different races were forced to live in their own reservations and then those reservations were forced to become independent nations. This means that blacks and other races needed passports to come into white Territory. 1951 1952-1960 In 1952, the NP passed the Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents Actwhich forces Blacks to carry identification. Thousands of arrests were made due to “bad” passes. This act lead to a revolt where 69 blacks die and 147 are injured.

6. The UN joins the fight for peace and civil rights by establishing the Special Committee Against Apartheid. 1962 1963 The next year, Nelson Mandela, head of the ANC is jailed by Apartheid leaders.

7. Many important events happened in the 70s. Resistance gradually increased over this period of time. Even South African whites started to support the South Africans. Eventually, the increase of resistance led to the Soweto uprising. 575 are killed and thousands more are injured. Stephen Biko, a leader of this revolt was beaten and left in jail to die. 1970s

8. The 1980s was a time when people in other nations started to protest strongly against Apartheid. Governments around the world boycotted trade with South Africa damaging their economy greatly. Citizens protest against major companies who have money in South Africa. The South African government, which has weakened steadily during this time, gave in and repealed some of the Apartheid laws. Even FIFA banned South Africa from international competitions. 1980s

9. President F.W. de Klerk ends Apartheid and calls for a new constitution. 1991 1994 After living in jail for 27 years, Nelson Mandela of the ANC is elected as president of South Africa.

10. POSSIBLE PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

11. TECHNIQUE 1: THE COMMUNIST APPROACH The first class is the Bourgeoisie, or the wealthy class. These people employ the Proletariat, or working class people. Eventually, the Bourgeoisie gets smaller and smaller (as they take over some other wealthy people’s money, making them part of the Proletariat). The Proletariat grows, and eventually they have the means and power to overthrow the Bourgeoisie. In turn, a revolution occurs. There becomes just one social class, the commonwealth, and the Government takes care of everything. Food, money, and educationare all distributed evenly (everyone gets the same amount of everything) to the people, who must all do a job for the community. Karl Marx, a philosopher, historian, social scientist, and revolutionary from Germany, wrote a book called The Communist Manifesto, which was ignored by many scholars in his own nineteenth century life, some people today see him as a revolutionary (those people would be called Marxists and Communists). Marx’s famous document outlined what we call Communism today. Some countries in the twentieth century took Communism to the extreme, causing fear and hatred of it. However, simple Communism is not such a bad thing. In civics class, I learned about Karl Marx. He basically said that society has two classes. The Famous Book Karl Marx 1818-1883 This could have solved apartheid because there were more blacks (proletariat) than white rulers (bourgeoisie). The white rulers could’ve been overthrown to create a Communist Society.

12. Technique 2: War/Revolution A second way apartheid could’ve been prevented is through war or revolution. For example, the U.S.A., a part of Britain at the time, rebelled against them and created a country of their own. They won the war and created a new government. Who’s to say that South Africa couldn’t have done that? Apartheid also could’ve been solved like WWII, in which South Africa could get allies and team op on their leadership in order to gain their freedom. American Revolution (above), World War Two (below)

13. Technique 3: Assisted Escape Our third technique is a bit of a stretch, due to the security placed in South Africa. This technique involves all the people helping each other out and fleeing the country. This could work, however. This concept was highlighted by the majority of the people uniting and using their minds to make themselves free. This happened in Cuba under Fidel Castro, when Cubans got on boats together and came to the United States for freedom.

14. Bibliography • http://cyberschoolbus.un.org/discrim/race_b_at_print.asp • http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html • United States Government: Democracy In ActionGlencoe Texts • http://www.floatingcubans.com • http://www.theamericanrevolution.org THANK YOU!