1. The production of a commodity has been growing exponentially with time at a rate of 5% per year. The time required to QUADRUPLE the annual production at this growth rate is closest to: 5 years 14 years 20 years 28 years 50 years * The percentage growth rate value changes from year to year. *

2. The production of a commodity has been growing exponentially with time at a rate of 5% per year. The time required to QUADRUPLE the annual production at this growth rate is closest to: 5 years 14 years 20 years 28 years 50 years * The percentage growth rate value changes from year to year. *

3. Although it is probably impossible to predict precisely when an earthquake will occur, one of the following features may indicate that an area is at high risk of a major earthquake: A seismic gap along an active fault zone aftershocks Ground subsidence Electrical storms Low levels of radon in wells

4. Although it is probably impossible to predict precisely when an earthquake will occur, one of the following features may indicate that an area is at high risk of a major earthquake: A seismic gap along an active fault zone aftershocks Ground subsidence Electrical storms Low levels of radon in wells

5. We can sample rocks at the surface of the Earth to determine their density, but to place limits on the nature of materials deeper in the Earth, we need to determine the AVERAGE density of Earth. We can do that by studying the interaction of the Earth with the moon. In doing that determination, you would need all but one of the following. Which one don’t you need? The Earth’s moment of inertia The radius of the Earth The gravitational constant (G) The orbital velocity of the moon The distance from the Earth to the Moon

6. We can sample rocks at the surface of the Earth to determine their density, but to place limits on the nature of materials deeper in the Earth, we need to determine the AVERAGE density of Earth. We can do that by studying the interaction of the Earth with the moon. In doing that determination, you would need all but one of the following. Which one don’t you need? The Earth’s moment of inertia The radius of the Earth The gravitational constant (G) The orbital velocity of the moon The distance from the Earth to the Moon

7. There are over 100 elements in the Earth, but amazingly, only four elements constitute, in total 90% (by weight) of the entire Earth. These four elements are: Fe, O, Si, Mg Fe, Mg, Ni, O O, Si, Al, Fe O, Fe, Si, Ni Fe, Ni, S, O

8. There are over 100 elements in the Earth, but amazingly, only four elements constitute, in total 90% (by weight) of the entire Earth. These four elements are: Fe, O, Si, Mg Fe, Mg, Ni, O O, Si, Al, Fe O, Fe, Si, Ni Fe, Ni, S, O

9. The Earth’s crust includes the following five minerals. If you could mine every last crystal of these five minerals from the crust, which one would end up providing the most lead? pyrite Potassium Feldspar Chalcopyrite Magnetite Galena

10. The Earth’s crust includes the following five minerals. If you could mine every last crystal of these five minerals from the crust, which one would end up providing the most lead? pyrite Potassium Feldspar Chalcopyrite Magnetite Galena

11. Four of the five main structural groups of silicate minerals involve polymerization. The polymerization is achieved by: The covalent bonding of oxygen with positive cations The joining of single chains with positive cations The sharing of oxygen atoms between silica tetrahedra The replacement of some silicon atoms with aluminum The sharing of silicon atoms with aluminum atoms

12. Four of the five main structural groups of silicate minerals involve polymerization. The polymerization is achieved by: The covalent bonding of oxygen with positive cations The joining of single chains with positive cations The sharing of oxygen atoms between silica tetrahedra The replacement of some silicon atoms with aluminum The sharing of silicon atoms with aluminum atoms

13. As seismic energy waves travel deeper and deeper in the lower mantle of the Earth, the P-wave velocity increases with depth because: The compressibility modulus decreases with depth in the mantle The chemical composition of the mantle changes with depth The density increases with depth in the mantle The elasticity increases more rapidly than the density with increase in depth The lower mantle becomes more plastic

14. As seismic energy waves travel deeper and deeper in the lower mantle of the Earth, the P-wave velocity increases with depth because: The compressibility modulus decreases with depth in the mantle The chemical composition of the mantle changes with depth The density increases with depth in the mantle The elasticity increases more rapidly than the density with increase in depth The lower mantle becomes more plastic

15. The sketch below is a plan map view of a series of sedimentary strata which have been folded and eroded to the horizontal. Strike and dip directions are shown. Which way does the fold plunge? west South north east It does not plunge

16. The sketch below is a plan map view of a series of sedimentary strata which have been folded and eroded to the horizontal. Strike and dip directions are shown. Which way does the fold plunge? west South north east It does not plunge

17. Weathering produces minerals that are more stable at the Earth’s surface. Which of the following is the most abundant product of the weathering process? clay hematite limonite quartz feldspar

18. Weathering produces minerals that are more stable at the Earth’s surface. Which of the following is the most abundant product of the weathering process? clay hematite limonite quartz feldspar

19. Which of the following features is most likely to be associated with a palco-placer gold deposit? Submarine lava flows Granite porphyry Cross bedding Igneous layering Vesicularity

20. Which of the following features is most likely to be associated with a palco-placer gold deposit? Submarine lava flows Granite porphyry Cross bedding Igneous layering Vesicularity

21. To generate a computer model of Earth, we must specify two things to the computer. Which of the following are they?1. the compressibility moduli of the different materials in Earth2. the distribution of the different materials in the model Earth3. the densities of the different materials in the model Earth4. the shear moduli of the different materials in the model Earth5. the seismic velocities within the different materials in the model Earth 5 and 2 4 and 2 1 and 2 3 and 2 4 and 5

22. To generate a computer model of Earth, we must specify two things to the computer. Which of the following are they?1. the compressibility moduli of the different materials in Earth2. the distribution of the different materials in the model Earth3. the densities of the different materials in the model Earth4. the shear moduli of the different materials in the model Earth5. the seismic velocities within the different materials in the model Earth 5 and 2 4 and 2 1 and 2 3 and 2 4 and 5

23. If you were in the Kingston area about 450 million years ago, what would you have seen? Desert sands Ice sheets like in Greenland An oceanic island-arc A Himalayan-like mountain range Shallow seas

24. If you were in the Kingston area about 450 million years ago, what would you have seen? Desert sands Ice sheets like in Greenland An oceanic island-arc A Himalayan-like mountain range Shallow seas

25. Of the following five rocks, which one can best neutralize acid rain? Rock salt A sulfide deposit A granite A sandstone A limestone

26. Of the following five rocks, which one can best neutralize acid rain? Rock salt A sulfide deposit A granite A sandstone A limestone

27. On a semi-log plot of annual production of a commodity versus time, the plot for the commodity that is being produced at an exponential rate is:

28. On a semi-log plot of annual production of a commodity versus time, the plot for the commodity that is being produced at an exponential rate is:

29. In carrying out a risk assessment and risk management process, we calculate the risk by multiplying the probability of the hazard occurring by: The type of risk The frequency of the risk The severity of the risk The length of the hazard The proximity of the hazard

30. In carrying out a risk assessment and risk management process, we calculate the risk by multiplying the probability of the hazard occurring by: The type of risk The frequency of the risk The severity of the risk The length of the hazard The proximity of the hazard

31. What is the major danger from fissure eruptions? Release of sulfur dioxide gas tsunami earthquakes mudflows solifluction

32. What is the major danger from fissure eruptions? Release of sulfur dioxide gas tsunami earthquakes mudflows solifluction

33. When exploring for oil, seismic reflection studies provide the most effective way to search for suitable sedimentary rock structures that might host the oil. What kind of structure is most likely to be a prime target for oil? An up-arch antiform A moraine An unconformity A strike-slip fault Mud-cracks

34. When exploring for oil, seismic reflection studies provide the most effective way to search for suitable sedimentary rock structures that might host the oil. What kind of structure is most likely to be a prime target for oil? An up-arch antiform A moraine An unconformity A strike-slip fault Mud-cracks

35. If we want to determine whether humans have been responsible for dramatically changing the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution, we need to know what their values were before that time. Which of the following approaches can give us that information? Drilling and analyzing ice cores from glaciers Analyzing the composition of gas in mud layers on the ocean floor Analyzing atmospheric gas collected in Hawaii Analyzing the carbonates in fossil shells Analyzing the tree rings in bristlecone pines

36. If we want to determine whether humans have been responsible for dramatically changing the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution, we need to know what their values were before that time. Which of the following approaches can give us that information? Drilling and analyzing ice cores from glaciers Analyzing the composition of gas in mud layers on the ocean floor Analyzing atmospheric gas collected in Hawaii Analyzing the carbonates in fossil shells Analyzing the tree rings in bristlecone pines

37. Roughly what percentage of the world’s human population currently lives in urban areas? 10% 25% 50% 75% 90%

38. Roughly what percentage of the world’s human population currently lives in urban areas? 10% 25% 50% 75% 90%

39. San Francisco, California, sits right on the San Andreas fault. This fault marks a tectonic plate boundary. At this plate boundary: Plates are moving towards each other One plate is sliding under another plate Plates are moving away from one another Continents are colliding Plates are sliding past each other

40. San Francisco, California, sits right on the San Andreas fault. This fault marks a tectonic plate boundary. At this plate boundary: Plates are moving towards each other One plate is sliding under another plate Plates are moving away from one another Continents are colliding Plates are sliding past each other

41. If the Earth’s magnetic field did not occasionally reverse polarity: Polar-wander curves would not exist Compasses would not work Paleomagnetic analysis of a rock would not give the direction of the pole The sea floor would not produce linear magnetic anomalies Continental drift would not have occurred

42. If the Earth’s magnetic field did not occasionally reverse polarity: Polar-wander curves would not exist Compasses would not work Paleomagnetic analysis of a rock would not give the direction of the pole The sea floor would not produce linear magnetic anomalies Continental drift would not have occurred

43. What is the main control on the size of crystals produced in igneous rocks? Viscosity of the magma Volatile content Temperature of the magma Shape of the igneous body Rate of cooling

44. What is the main control on the size of crystals produced in igneous rocks? Viscosity of the magma Volatile content Temperature of the magma Shape of the igneous body Rate of cooling

45. What type of fault is most likely to be associated with a constructive plate margin? Reverse dip-slip Normal dip-slip Nobody’s strike-slip Transverse

46. What type of fault is most likely to be associated with a constructive plate margin? Reverse dip-slip Normal dip-slip Nobody’s strike-slip Transverse

47. Magmas contain dissolved volatiles. Which of the following magmas will generally be the riches in water? mafic ultramafic granite dioritic porphyrytic

48. Magmas contain dissolved volatiles. Which of the following magmas will generally be the riches in water? mafic ultramafic granite dioritic porphyrytic

49. There is no single “one-model-fits-all” solution to problems of population growth rates that are too high. However, one of the following is MOST directly linked to a reduction in the population growth rate of countries. Which one is it? Economic incentives Use of contraceptives industrialization Decrease in per capita consumption Education of men

50. There is no single “one-model-fits-all” solution to problems of population growth rates that are too high. However, one of the following is MOST directly linked to a reduction in the population growth rate of countries. Which one is it? Economic incentives Use of contraceptives industrialization Decrease in per capita consumption Education of men