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Urbanization

Urbanization. Immigration, job opportunity and a population explosion led to massive post-Civil War urbanization. By 1890 NYC, Philadelphia and Chicago were all over 1 million. crime, poverty, slums, pollution and the rise of tenements (overcrowded dirty apartments).

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Urbanization

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  1. Urbanization • Immigration, job opportunity and a population explosion led to massive post-Civil War urbanization. • By 1890 NYC, Philadelphia and Chicago were all over 1 million. • crime, poverty, slums, pollution and the rise of tenements (overcrowded dirty apartments). • Louis Sullivan’s “skyscraper” allowed cities to grow up • Made possible by invention of elevators & steel • Electric trolleys allowed cities to grow out

  2. Restrictions on Immigration • Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) • Chinese immigration banned • Anti-foreign organizations urged slowdowns in immigration especially from Catholic Italy and voted to ban Catholic and Jewish candidates from office. • Ethnic ghettos began to arise as immigrants found solace in settling with their own kind.

  3. Settlement Houses • Immigrants found only a few willing to give them assistance • Jane Addams established Hull House in Chicago to ease settlement, educate and help. • Addams also fought for women’s right’s (especially suffrage) • Other settlement houses sprang up • “indoctrinated” immigrants with US culture, life and English language • Not all were so helpful as “nativists” sentiments often led to persecution of immigrants

  4. Social Gospel Movement • Immigration and urbanization led to overwhelming demands for federal services • America’s churches met the demand through what many called the “social gospel”. (i.e. Salvation Army) • Pushed for improvements in sanitation, child labor laws, slums, inequality, and hygiene. • Paves the way for “progressivism” in the early 1900s.

  5. Black Leaders • Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois emerged as leaders Jim Crow segregation laws in the South. • DuBois • co-founder of the NAACP • The first black Ph.D. at Harvard • Demanded immediate equal rights/treatment • Washington • Created the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama • Stressed the importance of education before demanding equality. • Segregation was upheld in the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson(“separate but equal” is constitutional)

  6. NAACP • The NAACP was formed in response to the continuing horrific practice of lynching and violence against blacks. • Stated goal: secure for all people the rights guaranteed in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments • 13th: end of slavery • 14th: equal protection of the law • 15th: universal adult male suffrage.

  7. Organized Labor • The American Federation of Labor • Formed in 1886 • “Umbrella” organization for other unions • In 1886, Samuel Gompers organized the American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Became the largest labor union organization in the United States. • Gompers supported the use of strikes, but favored peaceful negotiations as a way to gain fair contracts for workers from their employers. • By 1904, the American Federation of Labor had 1.7 million members.

  8. Labor Unrest • The labor problems between workers and owners often turned ugly with violence • Homestead Steel Strike, 1892 • Rise of abusing child labor and sweatshops led to awful working conditions • Workers organized strikes for higher pay, better working conditions, and shorter hours. • Pres. Cleveland called on US troops to subdue workers, led by Eugene Debs, near Chicago in the Pullman strike of 1894.

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