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Chapter 8: Joints

Chapter 8: Joints. Classification of Joints. Objectives Define Joint or Articulation Classify Joints by Structure and by Function Describe the general structure, know the properties of, and provide examples of fibrous, and cartilaginous joints. Classification of Joints.

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Chapter 8: Joints

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  1. Chapter 8: Joints

  2. Classification of Joints • Objectives • Define Joint or Articulation • Classify Joints by Structure and by Function • Describe the general structure, know the properties of, and provide examples of fibrous, and cartilaginous joints

  3. Classification of Joints • Functional Classifications • Based on amount of movement allowed at a joint/articulation • Structural Classifications • Based on joint structure and composition/articulation

  4. Functional Classifications of Joints • Synarthroses • Amphiarthroses • Diarthroses

  5. Structural Classifications of Joints • Fibrous Joints • Cartilaginous Joints • Synovial Joints

  6. Structural Classifications of Joints • Fibrous Joints • Sutures • Syndesmoses • Gomphoses

  7. Structural Classifications of Joints • Cartilaginous Joints • Synchondroses • Symphyses

  8. Structural Classifications of Joints • Synovial Joint

  9. Check Your Understanding • What term is a synonym for “joint”? • What functional Joint class contains the least mobile joints? • Of sutures, symphyses, and synchondroses, which are cartilaginous joints? • How are joint mobility and stability related?

  10. Synovial Joints • Objectives • Describe the structural characteristics of synovial joints. • Compare the structures and functions of bursae and tendon sheaths • List three natural factors that stabilize synovial joints

  11. Synovial Joints • General Structure • Articular Cartilage • Joint (articular) Cavity • Articular Capsule • Synovial Fluid • Reinforcing Ligaments • Nerves and blood vessels • Fat pads and menisci

  12. Synovial Joints • Bursae and Tendon sheaths

  13. Synovial Joints • Factors Influencing the Stability of Synovial Joints • Articular Surfaces • Ligaments • Muscle Tone

  14. Check Your Understanding • What are the two layers of the articular capsule? • How to bursae and tendon sheaths improve joint function? • Generally speaking, what factor is most important in stabilizing synovial joints? • What is the importance of weeping lubrication?

  15. Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints • Origins vs. Insertions • Non-axial movement • Uniaxial Movement • Biaxial movement • Multiaxialmovement • Gliding, Angular, and Rotational movements

  16. Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints • Gliding • When one flat surface glide over another

  17. Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints • Angular Movements • Movements that increase or decrease the angle between two bones • Flexion/Extension • Abduction/Adduction • Horizontal Abd/Add • Circumduction

  18. Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints • Rotation • The turning of a bone around its own long axis • Medial or Internal Rotation • Lateral or External Rotation

  19. Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints • Special Movements • Supination/Pronation • Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion • Inversion and Eversion • Protraction and Retraction • Elevation and Depression • Opposition

  20. Types of Synovial Joints • Plane Joint – Nonaxial • Hinge Joint – Uniaxial • Pivot joint – Uniaxial • Condylar Joint – Biaxial • Saddle Joint – Biaxial • Ball and Socket Joint - Multiaxial

  21. Check Your Understanding • Clayton bends down to pick up a dime… Which movements are occurring at his hips, knees, and ankles? • Which of the following joints is uniaxial: Hinge, Condylar, Saddle, Pivot?

  22. Selected Synovial Joints • Understand the structure and function of the knee, shoulder, hip, elbow, and TMJ joints

  23. Knee “Joint” • Patellofemoral Joint • Tibiofemoral Joint • Proximal Tibiofibular Joint • Medial/Lateral Menisci • Extracapsular Ligaments • MCL/LCL • Intracapsular Ligaments • ACL/PCL

  24. Shoulder “Joint” • Glenohumeral Joint • Glenoid fossa/humeral head • Acromioclavicular Joint • Clavicular facet/Acromial facet • Sternoclavicular Joint • Sternal facet/clavicular notch

  25. Glenohumeral Joint • Articulating surfaces • Glenoid Cavity and Humeral Head • Ligamentous Support • 3 Glenohumeral Ligaments • Coracohumeral ligament • Musculotendinous Support • Rotator Cuff • Long Head of Biceps • Other Structures • Glenoid Labrum • Thin and loose joint capsule

  26. Elbow “Joint” • Ulnohumeral joint • Trochlear notch • Trochlea • Radiohumeral joint • Fovea • Capitulum

  27. Ulnohumeral Joint • Articulating surfaces • Ligamentous Support • Ulnar collateral ligament • Radial Collateral Ligament • Musculotendinous support • CET and CFT • Brachialis, biceps, triceps • Other Structures • Thin and loose articular capsule

  28. Hip (Coxal) Joint • Also called the Femuroacetabular joint • Articulating Surfaces • Acetabulum, Femoral Head • Ligamentous Support • Extracapsular: Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral ligaments • Intracapsular: LigamentumTeres (capitis) AKA ligament of the head of the femur • Musculotendinous Support • Musculature of the hip and thigh • Other Structures • Thick, strong articular capsule that is reinforced by ligaments • Acetabular labrum (slightly smaller diameter than femoral head)

  29. Temporomandibular Joint “TMJ” • Articulating surfaces • MandibularCondyle, MandibularFossa, Articular Tubercle • Ligamentous Support • Lateral Ligament • Musculotendinous Support • Masseter • Temporalis • Pterygoid muscles • Other Structures • Articular Disc (divides synovial cavity into superior and inferior compartments

  30. Check Yourself • Which of the previous joints is purely uniaxial? • Which joint it the most easily dislocated? • Which of the previous joints are multiaxial? • Which is more mobile and therefore less stabile… the glenohumeral joint, or the femuroacetabular joint?

  31. Homeostatic Imbalances of Joints • Common Joint Injuries • Cartilage Tears • Sprains • Dislocations and Subluxations

  32. Homeostatic Imbalances of Joints • Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions • Bursitis and Tendonitis • Osteoarthritis • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Gouty Arthritis

  33. Check your understanding • What does arthritis mean? • How would you guess by looking at someone with arthritis whether they have OA or RA?

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