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Biology

Biology. Mid-Continent University Barbara Pierpont, Professor. Let’s take moment for prayer. Prayer needs? Prayer praise? Tell me, very briefly, one miraculous thing that God has done in your life. Recap from last week. Biology studies living things.

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Biology

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  1. Biology Mid-Continent University Barbara Pierpont, Professor

  2. Let’s take moment for prayer • Prayer needs? • Prayer praise? • Tell me, very briefly, one miraculous thing that God has done in your life.

  3. Recap from last week • Biology studies living things. • Living things grow, develop and reproduce • Living things are made of chemical compounds which are made of atoms. • Atoms combine by ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. • Water is Awesome!

  4. Cells

  5. Cells

  6. How do cells “eat”? • Cells go through a process called cellular respiration in which they • 1. take in nutrients • 2. break them apart further • 3. combine them with other enzymes and molecules • 4. produce energy rich ATP • This is the KREBS cycle

  7. Cellular Respiration • In cellular respiration, the chemical energy in various nutrients, such as glucose, is transferred to ATP. In this form it can be transported to provide the energy needed to carry out metabolic functions. The diagram illustrates the relationships between various aspects of cellular respiration.

  8. Cellular Respiration

  9. Basics

  10. What you really need to know • Cells run on ATP • ATP is made in the Krebs cycle using sugars and enzymes • A total of 36 ATP are made during the cycle.

  11. DNA and you…no really • Every living thing has DNA • Sometimes DNA just floats in the cell, sometimes it’s controlled in nucleus • It is the blueprint for life and is unique to each living thing

  12. What it looks like

  13. DNA is made of • Sugar-phosphate ladder “legs” • Amino acid ladder “rungs” • 4 types of amino acids, 4 types of rungs: • Adenine • Thymine • Guanine • Cytosine • A to T, C to G NEVER AC or CC or GG or AA or etc. • Made from the proteins you eat

  14. Practice • Remember: A to T, C to G • AAT AGG CCC TGC ATA

  15. Mitosis and Meiosis • Meiosis made my toes-ies! • Every living thing repairs damage to its cells by mitosis. • Mitosis is the creation of a new cell by cellular division. • Since every living thing must have DNA, the DNA must divide, too

  16. Mitosis has several timed parts • Interphase or G1 • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

  17. Interphase or G1 • The cell spends most of its time here • We used to think that it was the ‘resting’ phase of the cell but now … • Busy, busy!

  18. Prophase • During this phase the cell gets prepared to divide by moving chromosomes around.

  19. Metaphase

  20. Anaphase

  21. Telophase

  22. The purpose of mitosis • The purpose of mitosis is to create new cells to 1. repair, 2. replace, and 3. grow • Mitosis does not create a new organism.

  23. What happens when division control is lost?

  24. So how do you make a new organism?

  25. What if you’re a more complicated organism? • Your new organism must have the same number of chromosomes as you. • Cloning the answer? • What do we see instead?

  26. God planned for diversity to occur

  27. We’re the same but different

  28. How did this happen…? • Meiosis not only divides the cell, but it divides the number of chromosomes in half. • Interphase 1 or G1 • Prophase 1 • Metaphase 1 • Anaphase 1 • Teleophase 1 • BUT….wait there’s more!!

  29. Next comes the different part • Interphase 2 or G2 • Prophase 2 plus cross over • Metaphase 2 • Anaphase 2 • Teleophase 2 • Difference? Gametes or sex cells.

  30. Why sex cells?

  31. The purpose of sex cells is to allow for genetic diversity • Without diversity, we would all be the same as Adam and Eve. Problem with that?

  32. Without genetic variation we would be - not here

  33. How does meiosis work? • Same as mitosis for the first part, then….

  34. Meiosis 2

  35. Heredity – or don’t marry ugly people

  36. Mendel’s • Mendel crossed pea plants and came to the conclusion of how some genes can be “dominant” while some are “recessive” • This is can be very simple or very complicated depending on what we’re looking at. • Some are easy – eye color in humans, roll your tongue, your earlobes, your thumb, red hair

  37. The inside of you is more complicated • Predilection for diseases like sickle cell, certain cancers, diabetes. • Some are sex linked like hemophilia, deafness • BUT we can figure them out!

  38. What’s here?

  39. What’s here?

  40. Punnett Squares • A little tool for figuring out how an offspring might look. • Learn and Practice

  41. What happens if chromosomes don’t replicate correctly? • XXY females • XXX males • XYX males

  42. So, should we all be tested? • Discuss: • Testing – yes or no? • Curing – yes or no? • Preventing – yes or no?

  43. Back to making DNA… • If we make our DNA from the proteins we eat, what about genetically modified foods? • Are they safe? • What are you seeing in the general public that might be GMF related? • How will this work into your final paper?

  44. Lab time • Copy this down • www.explorelearning.com • Click enroll in class • Class code: GBEHULKFWG • Register for class • Look for Cell Division and work now in class

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