1 / 14

CHEMISTRY NOTES - MATTER

CHEMISTRY NOTES - MATTER. Matter – anything that has mass and volume. Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules . Phases of matter: solid, liquid, gas. Video

zia
Télécharger la présentation

CHEMISTRY NOTES - MATTER

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CHEMISTRY NOTES - MATTER • Matter – anything that has mass and volume. • Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules. • Phases of matter: solid, liquid, gas. Video • Heat is the cause of phase changes. More heat means faster moving particles, less attraction between particles, and more space between particles. HEAT

  2. Phase Changes • Melting: solid becomes a liquid ( 0 ºC for water ) • Freezing: liquid becomes a solid ( 0 ºC for water ) • Boiling: liquid becomes a gas ( 100 ºC for water ) • Condensation: gas becomes a liquid ( 100 ºC for water )

  3. Physical Change-a change in size, shape or phase of a substance. - Examples: crumpled paper, broken glass, melting, freezing, boiling • Chemical Change - a NEW substance is formed, with NEW properties. Cannot be physically separated. - How can you tell? 1) Temperature change 3) Gas formation 2) Color change 4) 2 liquids form a solid

  4. Element - the simplest form of matter. ~ 110 known elements in the universe. • Atom - a single particle of an element. - example: 1 atom of Sodium (Na)

  5. AMolecule is two or more atoms combined. A single particle of one compound. - Example: a water molecule is two Hydrogen atoms and one Oxygen atom. • A Compound is two or more elements that can’t be physically separated, making a certain type of molecule. - Examples: Salt, Water, carbon dioxide • A Mixture is two or more substances that can be separated, and do not form a new compound. - Examples: sand + gravel, oil + water, salt + water

  6. Chemical Formula – a shorthand way to show the number and type of atoms in a substance. - examples: H2O O2 H2SO4 • Chemical Equation - a summary of a chemical change (reaction). * Some reactions require energy 6CO2 + 6H2O6O2 + C6H12O6 * Some reactions release energy 6O2 + C6H12O66CO2 + 6H2O + energy • The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter can never be created or destroyed. • This can be proven by counting up the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. The numbers will be equal. energy

  7. Acids and Bases • Acid- any compound that produces hydrogen ions (H+) in water. The more H+ ions produced, the stronger the acid. • Base – Any compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in water. The more OH- ions produced, the stronger the base. • An ion is simply an atom with a positive or negative charge. • The pH scaletells how acidic or basic a substance is. · measures H+ concentration on a scale of 0 to 14 · pH of less than 7 is acidic, lower pH = more acidic · pH of more than 7 is basic, higher pH = more basic · pH of 7 is neutral, pH of water = 7 • Litmus paper is an indicator, a substance that changes color when it comes in contact with an acid or base.

  8. Structure of an ATOM Nucleus - the center of the atom Proton - positively charged (+) particle in the nucleus. Neutron - particle in the nucleus with no charge. Electron - negatively charged particle (-) outside of the nucleus. http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/applets/a2.html

  9. - The Atomic Number is the number of protons (electrons usually the same) - The Atomic Mass is protons plus neutrons - To find the number of Neutrons… Atomic Mass – Atomic Number = Neutrons Element SymbolAtomic #Atomic MassPE N Oxygen O 8 16 8 8 8 Iron Fe 26 56 26 26 30

  10. CHEMISTRY NOTES – ENERGY • All Matter has energy • Energy has many different forms • Kinetic energy (motion) Potential energy (stored) - Mechanical - Mechanical - Electrical - Electrical - Heat - Gravitational - Light - Chemical - Sound

  11. Mechanical energy is the energy of a moving object, caused by a force. Ex: engines, a person running, throwing a ball • Electrical energy is the flow of electrons toward a positive charge. Needs a conductor like metal. Ex: extension cord, power line • Heat energy is the movement of the atoms/molecules of a substance. Ex: boiling water • Light energy is the movement light rays. Ex: sunlight, lamp • Sound energy is carried by sound waves. Ex: any noise

  12. Chemical energy is stored in the chemical bonds of atoms and molecules. Ex: Batteries, gasoline, food Gravitational energy is stored in objects because of their position. Ex: a leaf on a tree The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy is never created or destroyed, it simply changes form. - Example: a light bulb changes electrical energy to light and heat energy.

  13. Flashlight Energy Transformation: When a flashlight is turned on, energy changes from potential-chemical energy (battery), to electrical energy (circuit), to light and heat energy (bulb). Flashlight Energy Transfer: When a flashlight is turned on, energy moves from the battery to the circuit wires, to the bulb, and finally to the environment.

More Related