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Revolutionary Shift: From Agriculture to Industry

Explore the transition from traditional farming to industrialization, key agricultural practices, factors of production, life in factories, economic theories, reform movements, scientific advances, social sciences, the arts, liberalism changes, nationalism, unifications in Italy and Germany, legacies, and imperialism in a time of significant change.

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Revolutionary Shift: From Agriculture to Industry

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Steps to War

  2. Industrialization

  3. Agricultural Revolution • A time of revised farming practices that allowed people to grow more food • More food=increasing population • Better farming techniques • Seed drill • Crop rotation • Enclosure • Warmer climate

  4. Factors of Production • Land (ground and resources) • Labor (workforce and their skills) • Capital (machinery, anything that makes work easier) • Before, controlled by the state • Industrialization, controlled by individuals

  5. Factory vs. domestic system • Domestic system- no division of labor, everything produced in the home • Factory system- division of labor, production occurs in factories

  6. Life in the factories • 12-16 hour days • Low wages • Unsanitary working conditions

  7. Middle Class • managers of industry • also bankers, manufacturers, merchants, lawyers, doctors, engineers, professors • gained social influence and power (as income grew) • government cared about them

  8. Economic Theories • Mercantilism- we already talked about this • Capitalism- factors of production controlled by individuals • Adam Smith- laissez-faire, supply and demand, competition • David Ricardo- iron law of wages, comparative advantage • Thomas Malthus- population growth model • Socialism- factors of production controlled by the government for the benefit of all • Owen, Fourier, Blanc, Saint-Simon • Communism- factors of production controlled by everyone for the benefit of everyone • Marx and Engels

  9. Reform Movements

  10. Why reforms? • Poor working conditions • Overcrowding in cities • Unemployment • Lack of sanitation

  11. Types of Reforms • Emancipation • Temperance Movement (banning alcohol) • Suffrage (the right to vote) • Better working conditions and sanitation • Native Rights • Labor unions

  12. Scientific Advances • Edison’s light bulb • Bell’s telephone • Marconi’s radio • Automobiles • Wright brother’s airplane • cell theory • genetics • evolution • Jenner’s small pox vaccine • pasteurization • Fleming’s penicillin • structure of the atom • radioactivity (Curie) • quantum theory (Planck and Einstein)

  13. Social Science • History • Anthropology • Sociology • Psychology • Economics

  14. The Arts • romanticism- rejected the reason of the Enlightenment • idealized view of society • Sir Walter Scott, James Fennimore Cooper, Grimm brothers • Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, Wagner, • Daguerre, Matthew Brady • realism-everyday life important-Mark Twain, Leo Tolstoy • naturalists-ugly and unpleasant aspects of life- Emile Zola • impressionism-vivid impressions of people and places- Monet, Renoir

  15. Liberalism

  16. Changes in France • Louis-Philippe became “citizen king” • 2nd French Republic • Revolution of 1848 • 2nd French Empire- Louis-Napoleon • Franco-Prussian War • 3rd Republic

  17. Western Hemisphere • Haiti- Toussaint-Louverture • Simon Bolivar- Latin and South America • Mostly ruled by dictators after declaring independence

  18. Russia • emancipation of serfs • local governments • assassination of Alexander II • civil unrest • government cracks down • Revolution of 1905

  19. Austria-Hungary • lots of different ethnicities • uprisings against Francis Joseph I • Dual-monarchy created • Balkan Wars

  20. Nationalism

  21. What is nationalism? • a sense of national consciousness (identification with a nation)

  22. Why nationalism? • it makes them put the nation over individual interests • it encourages similar peoples to come together (and sometimes rebel) • it provided strength and unity as a country

  23. Modern Examples • Chechnya • The Kurds • Kashmir

  24. Unifications

  25. Italy • Camillo Cavour (Sardinia) made a deal with France to kick Austria out of the north • Northern states of Lombardy, Parma, Modena, and Tuscany asked to be part of Sardinia • 1860-Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and handed it over to Victor Emmanual II

  26. Germany • economically- Zollverein was a customs union that reduced tariffs • Politically- 1861 William I became king, appointed Otto von Bismark • Wars of Unification- Danish War, Seven Weeks’ War, Franco-Prussian War • 1871- declared the unified German empire under Chancellor Bismark and Kaiser William

  27. Legacies • people want a country with similar people in it • more unrest, especially in the Balkans • unification of Italy and Germany, division of Austria-Hungary • ideas of superiority

  28. Imperialism

  29. Definition • when one country takes over another to get its resources or create a sphere of influence

  30. Justification • other countries need to modernize • modern countries wanted the resources and the markets to sell goods in • resources and markets • social and political influence throughout the world

  31. Types of Colonies • settlement colonies- send people to live in the new country • dependent colonies- a few European officials the native population • protectorates- sphere of influence, ruler maintained nominal title, but had to acquiesce to European demands

  32. Africa • French and British claimed North Africa during a time of political unrest (British got Suez Canal) • King Leopold II conquered the Congo • West Africa put up a fight, but eventually lost • Boers came first to South Africa, then the British defeated them

  33. Effects • stripped of its resources • people not allowed to participate in government • boundaries redrawn with no thought to the indigenous population • people learn to be cruel

  34. Asia • mostly by spheres of influence • British took over India for trade, set up people in power • French controlled Indochina • Dutch East Indies • China=spheres of influence (Opium Wars) • Japan avoided being imperialized because of industrialization • Sino-Japanese War, Japan won Taiwan • US got Samoa, Hawaii, The Philippines, Guam and Wake Island

  35. Effects • European influence • increased trade and modernization

  36. South America • Spanish-American War • “Dollar Diplomacy” • Panama Canal

  37. Legacies • everything going on in the Middle East and Africa • countries are still dependent on the west • some countries became more democratic and industrialized • less disease

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