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THE FINAL STEPS TO THE CIVIL WAR

THE FINAL STEPS TO THE CIVIL WAR. TARIFFS, 1842 – 1860 SLAVERY 1850-1860. EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA . ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS TODAY: 1) HOW DID TARIFFS AND SLAVERY LEAD TO THE CIVIL WAR? 2) WHICH WAS THE MAIN CAUSE OF SOUTHERN SECESSION?

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THE FINAL STEPS TO THE CIVIL WAR

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  1. THE FINAL STEPS TO THE CIVIL WAR TARIFFS, 1842 – 1860 SLAVERY 1850-1860 EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA

  2. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • TODAY: • 1) HOW DID TARIFFS AND SLAVERY LEAD TO THE CIVIL WAR? • 2) WHICH WAS THE MAIN CAUSE OF SOUTHERN SECESSION? • BROAD: • 1) WHAT CAUSED THE CIVIL WAR? • 2) HOW DID AMERICAN IDENTITY EVOLVE AND CHANGE OVER THE COURSE OUR HISTORY?

  3. REVIEW: • FUNDAMENTAL SECTION DIFFERENCE = GEOGRAPHY • THE SOUTHERN STATES’ CLIMATE SUPPORTED CASH CROPS, FIRST TOBACCO, BY 1830s MAINLY COTTON; THE NORTH’S (AND MIDWEST’S AND WEST COAST’S DID NOT) • PLANTATIONS REQUIRED SLAVES; SLAVES LABOR WAS INEFFICIENT IN INDUSTRIES AND ON NON-CASH-CROP FARMS • BUT IN ANTEBELLUM ERA, FEWER THAN ¼ OF SOUTHERNERS OWNED SLAVES

  4. FUNDAMENTAL POLITICAL ISSUE BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH (IN ANTEBELLUM ERA) = STATE SOVEREIGNTY • CONSTITUTION LEFT IT VAGUE – SUPREMACY CLAUSE SAYS FEDERAL LAW IS SUPREME – BUT HOW MUCH STATE SOVEREIGNTY REMAINED DEPENDED ON STRICT V. LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION OF ENUMERATED FEDERAL POWERS • THE TWO ISSUES THAT THE STATE SOVEREIGNTY ISSUE CENTERED ON WERE TARIFFS AND SLAVERY

  5. 1832 – NULLIFICATION CRISIS – FIRST SERIOUS SECESSION THREAT OVER TARIFFS • NORTHERN INDUSTRIAL STATES DEMANDED PROTECTIVE TARIFFS ON BRITISH MANUFACTURES • BRITAIN RETALIATED WITH TARIFFS ON U.S. EXPORTS = COTTON • JOHN C. CALHOUN’S “SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION AND PROTEST” EXPLAINED HOW TARIFFS HURT THE SOUTH

  6. TERRITORIAL EXPANSION, BEGINNING WITH MISSOURI (1820) RAISED THE QUESTION OF EXTENSION OF SLAVERY INTO NEW TERRITORY • BEGINNING WITH THE DISPUTE OVER ANNEXATION OF TEXAS (1836 – 45), EXTENSION OF SLAVERY BECAME THE CENTRAL POLITICAL ISSUE • UNEQUAL # SLAVE AND FREE STATES WOULD UPSET BALANCE IN SENATE • ADMISSION OF CALIFORNIA (1850)  COMPROMISE OF 1850 (CLAY’S LAST COMPROMISE) • IT INCLUDED HARSH FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT – AFRICAN-AMERICANS COULD NOT TESTIFY IN OWN DEFENSE

  7. SITUATION IN 1850 (UNDER COMPROMISE). DEAL WAS, MEXICO WOULD BE SLAVE STATE. NO IMMEDIATE PLAN TO ADMIT MORMON UTAH. PRETTY CLOSE TO 36-30! (MO. COMPROMISE) – NOTE ALL THAT UNORGANIZED TERRITORY!

  8. ECONOMIC REVIEW • SOUTHERN COTTON MADE UP > 50% OF U.S. EXPORTS • COTTON MARKET EXPANDING DUE TO GROWTH OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY • IF INDEPENDENT, SOUTH WOULD HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST NATIONS IN THE WORLD • IT NEEDED MORE LAND FOR COTTON – CUBA AND NICARAGUA SEEMED REALISTIC TARGETS

  9. TARIFFS, 1842 - 1857 • 1842: “THE BLACK TARIFF” • CLAY’S COMPROMISE TARIFF OF 1833 LOWERED TARIFF ON MOST IMPORTS TO 20% BY 1840s. • 1842 TARIFF (SUPPORTED BY WHIGS AND NORTHERN DEMOCRATS) • DOUBLED TARIFF TO 40% ON MOST IMPORTS, 60-100% ON IRON GOODS (PA., OHIO DEMANDED) • INCREASED CATEGORIES OF GOODS SUBJECT TO TARIFF FROM ≈ 50% OF ALL IMPORTS TO ≈80% • EFFECTS: 20% REDUCTION IN EXPORTS (SOUTH HURT!); 50% REDUCTION IN IMPORTS (SOUTH ALSO HURT)  RECESSION

  10. 1844 – POLK (DEM.) ELECTED PRESIDENT, DEMS SLIGHT EDGE IN CONGRESS  • WALKER TARIFF, 1846 – CUT TARIFFS 25=35% (NEARLY LOWEST RATE IN U.S. HISTORY) • COINCIDED WITH BRITAIN’S REPEAL OF CORN LAWS AND OTHER TARIFFS = FREE TRADE  GOOD DOMESTIC ECONOMY

  11. UP AND UP! (CONTINUED UP TO CIVIL WAR, DESPITE OCCASIONAL PANICS!)

  12. DEATH OF ZACHARY TAYLOR, JULY 9, 1850 (AFTER DRINKING COLD LEMONADE AND EATING CHERRIES ON FOURTH OF JULY (2ND PRES. TO DIE • IN OFFICE) • GASTROENTERITIS? POISONED • EXHUMED 1991 – NO EVIDENCE OF POISON)

  13. VICE PRESIDENT MILLARD FILLMORE BECAME PRESIDENT • FILLMORE SIGNED THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 LAWS • SUPPORTED CUBAN FILIBUSTER • ADVOCATED PACIFIC EMPIRE – SENT COMMODORE MATTHEW PERRY TO “OPEN” JAPAN (WE’LL COVER THIS LATER!)

  14. 1852 Presidential Election FRANKLIN PIERCE WINFIELD SCOTT JOHN PARKER HALE DEMOCRAT FROM WHIG FREE SOIL NEW HAMPSHIRE MEXICAN WAR VET SUPPORTED SLAVERY

  15. WHIG PARTY DISBANDED AFTER THIS!

  16. “CONSCIENCE WHIGS” – ANTI-SLAVERY SENATORS, OPPONENTS OF KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT  1854 FORMED REPUBLICAN PARTY WILLIAM A. SEWARD, N.Y.: “THERE IS A HIGHER LAW THAN THE CONSTITUTION.” SALMON P. CHASE, OHIO: “ FREE SOIL, FREE MEN, FREE LABOR.” CHARLES SUMNER, MASS.

  17. CHASE, LINCOLN’S SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, APPEARS ON THE $10,000 BILL (BILLS OVER $100 ARE USED EXCLUSIVELY FOR INTERBANK TRANSFERS – NOT MUCH ANYMORE BECAUSE OF WIRE TRANSFERS!)

  18. THE REPUBLICAN PARTY, FOUNDED 1854 • WHIGS • NORTHERN DEMOCRATS • FREE SOILERS • KNOW-NOTHINGS (ANTI-IMMIGRANT, ANTI-CATHOLIC NATIVISTS • OTHER MISCELLANEOUS OPPONENTS OF THE KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT

  19. The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party] • Nativists • Anti-Catholics • Anti-immigrants • RECALL ENGLISH SUSPICION OF CATHOLICS AND THE AWFUL DISCLOSURES OF MARIA MONK (1820) – ANTI-CATHOLICISM RAN DEEP IN U.S.!

  20. PIERCE IS RENOWNED AS “ONE OF THE WORST PRESIDENTS IN U.S. HISTORY” • “DOUGHFACE” - A NORTHERNER WHO SUPPORTED SLAVERY • SUPPORTED OSTEND MANIFESTO • SUPPORTED KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT

  21. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT (1854) • STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS (HOUSE, D. ILL.) WROTE: ORGANIZE TERRITORIES OF KANSAS AND NEBRASKA (TO 49TH PARALLEL) • MAIN MOTIVE – ATTRACT FARMERS TO NEBRASKA TERRITORY SO FED. GOV’T WOULD GRANT LAND FOR TRANSCONTINENTAL RR. -- WOULD GO THROUGH ILLINOIS – MAJOR TERMINAL IN CHICAGO • SLAVERY: POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY (N.B. KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ABOVE 36-30) • MISSOURI COMPROMISE REPEALED (PRICE OF SOUTHERN SUPPORT OF BILL)

  22. NOW OPEN TO SLAVERY N.B. THAT’S THE GREAT PLAINS – NOT SUITABLE FOR COTTON! THE SLAVE/ FREE STATE ISSUE WAS TOTALLY POLITICAL, NOT ECONOMIC!

  23. BLEEDING KANSAS (1854 – 1860) • CIVIL WAR IN KANSAS • POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY  • THE NEW EMIGRANT COMPANY NORTHEASTERN ABOLITIONISTS GO TO, SEND “FREE SOIL” SETTLERS TO KANSAS: • MISSOURIANS (“BORDER RUFFIANS” SEND PRO-SLAVE SETTLERS  • TWO COMPETING “CAPITALS”: • TOPEKA (FREE STATE) • LE COMPTON (SLAVE) – LE COMPTON CONSTITUTION

  24. ISSUE: WHICH WAS THE LEGITIMATE GOVERNMENT, CONSTITUTION OF KANSAS? BORDER RUFFIANS FROM MISSOURI

  25. BORDER RUFFIAN MILITIA

  26. FREE STATE KANSANS

  27. OPEN WARFARE RESULTED, MOST NOTABLY: SACK OF LAWRENCE (FREE STATE) BY PRO-SLAVE SHERIFF AND HIS MEN, MAY 21, 1856

  28. THE POTTAWATOMIE MASSACRE, MAY 24 -25, 1856 • LED BY ZEALOT ABOLITIONIST JOHN BROWN, FREE “PRIVATE EXPEDITION” AGAINST PRO-SLAVE SETTLEMENT, RAIDED FARMHOUSES, MURDERED FIVE MEN WITH RIFLES AND SWORDS • RETALIATION FOR SACK OF LAWRENCE

  29. THE GUTTAPERCHA CANE INCIDENT • MAY 19, 1856 – CHARLES SUMNER DIATRIBE IN THEN SENATE, “THE CRIME AGAINST KANSAS” = PERSONAL ATTACKS ON DOUGLAS, SOUTHERN SUPPORTERS, INCLUDING: • DOUGLAS WAS “a noisesome, squat, and nameless animal . . . not a proper model for an American senator.“ • SOUTH CAROLINA SENATOR ANDREW P. BUTLER HAD “mistress . . . who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight— I mean, the harlot, Slavery."

  30. MAY 22, 1856 – CONGRESSMAN PRESTON BROOKS (RELATIVE OF BUTLER’S), WENT TO SENATE, BRUTALLY BEAT SUMNER WITH RUBBER CANE WHILE CONGRESSMAN L.M. KEITT FENDED OFF RESCUERS WITH A PISTOL -- SUMNER SUFFERED SEVERE INTERNAL INJURIES – 3 YEARS TO RECOVER BUTLER BROOKS KEITT SOUTH CAROLINA GENTLEMEN

  31. Richmond Enquirer EDITORIAL ABOUT THE BEATING OF SUMNER” “We consider the act good in conception, better in execution, and best of all in consequences. These vulgar abolitionists in the Senate must be lashed into submission."

  32. 1856 Presidential Election √James Buchanan John C. Frémont MILLARD FILLMORE Democrat Republican Whig/ KNOW NOTHING

  33. James Buchanan (pennsylvania) – another doughface

  34. Free Soil, Free Men, Free Labor, Free Speech, and Fremont

  35. 1856

  36. DRED SCOTT v. SANDFORD (1857): • CHIEF JUSTICE: ROGER B. TANEY (APPOINTED BY VAN BUREN) • FACTS: DRED SCOTT, A SLAVE BORN IN VIRGINIA, HAD BEEN TAKEN BY HIS MASTER TO WISCONSIN TERRITORY AND ILLINOIS (PART OF OLD NORTHWEST SO SLAVERY BANNED BY NORTHWEST ORDINANCE)

  37. AFTER HIS MASTER DIED, SCOTT SUED THE WIDOW, CLAIMING HE WAS FREE • ISSUES: • 1. COULD SCOTT SUE? • 2. DOES CONGRESS HAVE POWER TO BAN SLAVERY IN FEDERAL TERRITORIES? • HOLDING: • 1. SCOTT COULD NOT SUE. AFRICAN-AMERICANS (SLAVE OR FREE) ARE NOT CITIZENS.

  38. 2. CONGRESS DID NOT HAVE POWER TO BAN SLAVERY IN FEDERAL TERRITORIES (STRICT CONSTRUCTION) • SIGNIFICANCE: • COROLLARY: CONGRESS DID NOT HAVE POWER TO BAN SLAVERY IN STATES, EITHER • N.B. - IT WOULD REQUIRE AN AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION TO BAN SLAVERY – ¾ OF STATES!

  39. TARIFF OF 1857 – LOWERED TAFIFF TO 17% -- LOWEST IN HISTORY (OF PROTECTIVE TARIFFS) • BUT – PANIC OF 1857 STRUCK (THE USUAL REASONS: EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR GRAIN FROM U.S. DECLINED, GRAIN PRICES DROPPED, FARM FORECLOSURES, EASY CREDIT FOR RAILROAD COMPANIES – OHIO LIFE INSURANCE AND TRUST COMPANY FAILED  PANIC, BANKS CALL LOANS  BUST (RECESSION) • NORTHEAST, OHIO, PA., SHEEP FARMERS (COMPETING NOW WITH WOOL FROM CANADA) CLAIM LOW TARIFF = CAUSE OF BUST • 1858 -- REP. JUSTIN MORRILL (R., VT.) PROPOSED HIGH TARIFF (HIGHER THAN BLACK TARIFF)

  40. 1858 – LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES (ILLINOIS SENATE RACE – NATIONAL INTEREST (TRANSCONTINENTAL TELEGRAPH LINE) • MAIN ISSUE – EXTENSION OF SLAVERY TO NEW TERRITORIES • DOUGLAS: POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY • LINCOLN: VAGUE ABOUT WHAT HE’D DO, BUT AGAINST SLAVERY

  41. LINCOLN, JUNE 1858: • “a house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. i do not expect the union to be dissolved – i do not expect the house to fall – but i do expect it will cease to be divided. it will become all one thing, or all the other.”

  42. LINCOLN, SEPTEMBER 1858: • “I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races, that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people ... I as much as any other man am in favor of having the superior position assigned to the white race. I say upon this occasion I do not perceive that because the white man is to have the superior position the negro should be denied everything. I do not understand that because I do not want a negro woman for a slave I must necessarily want her for a wife. My understanding is that I can just let her alone.”

  43. LINCOLN LOST THE SENATE RACE, BUT BECAME NATIONAL REPUBLICAN HERO

  44. JOHN BROWN’S RAID ON THE FEDERAL ARSENAL IN HARPERS FERRY, VIRGINIA (NOW WEST VIRGINIA • PLAN – SEIZE WEAPONS, ARM SLAVES IN VIRGINIA, LEAD SLAVE REVOLT • 21 MEN WITH BROWN, INCLUDED FREED AND ESCAPED SLAVES • DEFEATED BY U.S. ARMY – UNIT COMMANDED BY ROBERT E. LEE ONE OF THE WORST FEARS OF THE SOUTH NEARLY HAPPENED!

  45. John Brown: Madman or Martyr? HEROIC PORTRAYAL OF BROWN – MURAL IN U.S. CAPITOL I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with Blood."

  46. IT WAS RAID ON FEDERAL ARSENAL – BUT BUCHANAN DIDN’T WANT TO PROSECUTE (OR TOUCH WITH 10-FOOT POLE!) • BROWN CHARGED, CONVICTED WITH TREASON AGAINST VIRGINIA, SENTENCED TO HANG • NORTHERN AND INTERNATIONAL PROTESTS (VICTOR HUGO) – EMERSON: • “WE WILL MAKE THE GALLOWS AS GLORIOUS AS THE CROSS.” • BROWN HANGED, DECEMBER 2, 1859 • LINCOLN: BROWN “A DELUSIONAL FANATIC WHO WAS JUSTLY HANGED.”

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